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Pronunciation in Wikipedia is generally indicated using the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For ease of understanding, fairly broad IPA transcriptions are usually used. See also
Other transcription systemsSome articles have in the past used SAMPA (or X-SAMPA), which is a way of indicating IPA without using the special IPA characters. The need for SAMPA has essentially disappeared since the introduction of Template:IPA (see below), which works around the broken display of IPA text in Internet Explorer. SAMPA is generally much less familiar to potential readers, and current practice is to replace it with IPA where possible.
If a language is not normally written using the Latin alphabet, an official Romanisation may exist. For example pinyin for Mandarin Chinese or the Royal Thai General System of Transcription. In that case both this romanisation and the IPA rendering may be given. IPA styleWhen using IPA provide an explanation, for instance by using Template:IPA notice, or just by linking to one of the articles describing the IPA codes, for instance:
Which yields:
Don't link the IPA text, because the link underlining may make IPA characters difficult to read. When you link an audio sample, make sure you use {{Audio-IPA}} or {{Audio-IPA-nohelp}} so that the IPA text does not get underlined. IPA style recommends the use of square brackets around pronunciations. The use of slashes is permitted in cases where the pronunciation represents only phonemes. Slashes should only be used if the distinction between phonemes and phones is important in the context at hand. For example the English word pull would normally be shown in a phonetic transcription as [pʊl], but if a more detailed phonetic transcription is also included, such as [pʰʊɫ], emphasing the aspirated allophone of /p/ and the "dark" allophone of /l/, then the phonemic transcription could be /pʊl/. Distinction between British, American and Australian pronunciation
Foreign namesWhen transcribing foreign names, you may write two transcriptions: the native pronunciation and English pronunciation. When a foreign name has a usual English pronunciation (or pronunciations), include both the English and foreign-language pronunciations, and the English transcription must always be first. If the native name is different from the English name, the native transcription must be after the native name. For example: ([[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]: {{IPA|[ˌvɛnəˈzwelə]}};
[[Spanish language|Spanish]]: ''República Bolivariana de Venezuela'',
[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]: {{IPA|[reˈpuβlika βoliβaˈɾjana ðe βeneˈswela]}})
which gives: (IPA: [ˌvɛnəˈzwelə]; Spanish: República Bolivariana de Venezuela, IPA: [reˈpuβlika βoliβaˈɾjana ðe βeneˈswela]) Transcriptions should always have a label identifying what language they are transcribing. In the case of there being two different standards for a single language, you should choose the most appropriate. E.g., write [beneˈswela], according to Latin-American Spanish, not [beneˈθwela]; that is European standard pronunciation. Technical issuesMicrosoft Internet Explorer for Windows doesn't automatically use a font that contains specialized IPA characters. Passages of IPA text should be placed into Template:IPA, which tells Explorer to choose the correct font. More detailed documentation is at Template talk:IPA. Even in Firefox, which will look for font containing the missing character, not using the template may cause some characters to be rendered in differing fonts. An example, placing a phonetic rendering of the word characters in Template:IPA: {{IPA|[ˈkæɹəktə(ɹ)z]}}
In your browser:
You should not see a difference between the two, unless you are using Microsoft Internet Explorer on Windows, or you have a custom stylesheet for IPA. Entering IPA charactersMany IPA characters cannot be typed with a regular keyboard layout, but there are various ways to enter them.
Numeric entryThe following methods require you to know the Unicode code point of the character you wish to enter: for example, the IPA symbol [ɒ] is represented by the hexadecimal value U+0252. See the resources links below for reference charts.
Resources
Related templates
See also
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