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This page proposes a guideline regarding the transliteration from the Arabic alphabet to Roman letters in the English Wikipedia. The discussion is ongoing at Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style (Arabic).
DefinitionsArabic articleFor the purposes of this convention, an Arabic article is a Wikipedia article with a title that is a transliteration of a word, name, or phrase that is most commonly originally rendered in the Arabic alphabet, and that in English is not usually translated into a common English word. These could be in any language that uses this script, such as Arabic, Persian, or Ottoman Turkish. Examples:
Primary transliterationA name has a primary transliteration if at least 75% of all references in English use the same transliteration, or if a reference shows that the individual self-identified with a particular transliteration, and if that transliteration does not contain any non-printable characters (including underscores). Primary transliterations may sometimes be less accurate than other transliterations. Examples of references include the FBI, the NY Times, CNN, the Washington Post, Al-Jazeera, Encarta, Britannica, Library of Congress, and other academic sources. Examples of self-identification include a driver's license or passport in which the individual associated with a particular form of transliteration. Google searches can be useful in determining the most common usage, but should not be heavily relied upon. The content of large searches may not be relevant to the subject being discussed. For example, القائم has a standard transliteration of "al-Qa'im", but "al-Qaim" receives five times as many hits. This word is used in the names of three historical Caliphs and a town in Iraq, and is also another name for the Mahdi in Shi'a Islam. Since Google searches do not discriminate between them, other sources must be used to determine if a primary transliteration exists for any particular usage. If there is no primary transliteration, a standard transliteration is used (see below). Examples:
Standard transliterationThe standard transliteration uses a systematic convention of rendering Arabic script into English which is used and standardized by academics and linguists. The current proposal for the standard transliteration from Arabic to Roman letters is found below. Strict transliterationA strict transliteration is uniquely reversible and allows recreating of the original writing. A strict transliteration need not be a 1:1 mapping of characters. A source character may be mapped (1:n) into a sequence of several target characters without losing sequential reversibility. The standard transliteration does not carry enough information to accurately write or pronounce the original Arabic script. The standard transliteration does not differentiate between several letters, or between long and short vowels. A strict transliteration is one that uses a system of accents, underscores, and underdots to render the original Arabic in a form that carries all the information held in the original Arabic. Note that in the standard convention a grave accent [`] and an apostrophe ['] (both found on the keyboard) are used for the "ayin" and "hamza" characters, respectively. To avoid confusion, the higher level of transliteration uses left and right single quotation marks [‘] [’], respectively. Printability - use of the unicode templateNote that several letters proposed in the strict transliteration system below are non-printable in several hardware/software/settings combinations, e.g. ḥ, ṣ, ḍ, ṭ, ṛ, ẓ and ṁ. These letters can be made visible on most systems by enclosing them in the {{unicode}} template, like this: {{unicode|ḥ, ṣ, ḍ, ṭ, ṛ, ẓ and ṁ}}, which results in: ḥ, ṣ, ḍ, ṭ, ṛ, ẓ and ṁ. This template should be used for most expressions using strict transliteration. Similarly ʾ, ʿ, ᾿ and ῾ can only be used when "unicodified": {{unicode|ʾ, ʿ, ᾿ and ῾}} → ʾ, ʿ, ᾿ and ῾ The {{ArTranslit}} template includes this "unicodifying" of characters that have this printability issue. Examples
Proposed standardArticle titlesLead paragraphsAll Arabic articles should have a lead paragraph which includes the article title, along with the original Arabic script and the strict transliteration in parenthesis, preferably in the lead sentence. The article title, the Arabic script, and the transliteration should all be in boldface. This is in accordance with the official wikipedia policy at Wikipedia:Naming conventions (use English). Many articles that are missing this information are listed at Category:Articles needing Arabic script. The standard format is as in the following examples:
Some cases will require variations on this format. If the name is extremely long, the first appearance of the name is suitable to provide the strict transliteration. Likewise, if a strict transliteration appears overly repetitious, it should be in place of the page title in the lead paragraph. Example:
RedirectsAll common transliterations should redirect to the article. There will often be many redirects, but this is intentional and does not represent a problem. Alphabetization
TransliterationThe current proposal for the strict transliteration is based on the ALA-LC Romanization method (1997), and standards from the United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names. The standard transliteration is the same, without accents, underscores and underdots. Consonants
Short vowels
Long vowels
Definite article
Arabic has only one definite article, "ال" ("al-"). However, if it is followed by a solar letter (listed in the table right), the "L" is assimilated in pronunciation with this solar letter and the solar letter is doubled.
Both the non-assimilated ("al-") or the assimilated ("ad-") form appear in various standards of transliteration, and both allow to recreate the original Arabic. For this manual of style, assimilated letters will be used, as it helps readers pronounce correctly. The definite article "al-" or its variants (ash-, ad-, ar-,etc.) is always written in lower case (unless beginning a sentence), and a hyphen separates it from the following word.
NamesThe standard transliteration of Arabic names uses a single "ibn" or "bint" father's name when known and appropriate, and a family name at the end. Note that North African speakers use "bin" instead of "ibn".
If the word Abū is preceded by ibn, the correct grammatical format is ibn Abī, and not ibn Abū.[3]
PersianWhen the Arabic script was adopted for the Persian language, there were letters pronounced in Persian which did not have a representation in the Arabic alphabet, and vice versa. The Persian alphabet adds letters to the Arabic alphabet, and changes the pronunciation of some Arabic letters which are not pronounced in Persian. In addition, Persian does not use a definite article ("al-"). All vowels, long or short, remain transliterated the same as in Arabic. UrduUrdu adds additional letters, including retroflex consonants.
Ottoman TurkishThe Ottoman Turkish language differs from the above languages in that, since 1928, words that were once written with a Persian-influenced version of the Arabic abjad have been written using the Latin alphabet. As such, there is a long established set of standards for writing the language in a standard transliteration; however, in a strict transliteration, the language adheres closely to the standards for strict transliteration described above. Guidelines for writing Ottoman Turkish words according to the standard transliteration can be found at the website of the Turkish Language Association (Türk Dil Kurumu): here for the majority of words, and here for names of people. In the following table, only those letters which differ in either their strict or their standard transliteration from the Arabic-oriented table above are shown; all others are transliterated according to that table.
Definite articleIn words that use the Arabic definite article ال, the article always follows the assimilation of solar letters. However, the vowel ا can be transliterated in a number of ways.
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