Westmorland

Westmorland (formerly also spelt Westmoreland, an even older spelling is Westmerland) is an area of north west England and one of the 39 historic counties of England. It formed an administrative county from 1889 to 1974 and now forms part of Cumbria.

Early history

At the time of the Domesday Book in 1086 the county was considered to form part of Yorkshire. The baronies of Kendal and Westmorland were originally distinct jurisdictions with separate sheriffs, but were formed into a single county of Westmorland in 1226/7.^[1]

The historic county boundaries are with Cumberland to the north, County Durham and Yorkshire to the east, and Lancashire to the south and west. Windermere forms part of the western border with Lancashire north of the sands, and Ullswater part of the border with Cumberland.

The highest point of the county is Helvellyn at 950m (3,117 ft). According to the 1831 census it covers an area of 485,990 acres. ^[2]

Appleby, the historic county town, formed a historic borough and was unreformed by the Municipal Corporations Act 1835; although reform came later in 1885. Kendal was reformed as a municipal borough in 1835.

Division into wards

Rather than being divided into hundreds, Westmorland was subdivided into two baronies of Westmorland (or sometimes Appleby) and Kendal.

The baronies were further subdivided into two wards each:

• Westmorland
  • East ward ^[3] - Appleby, Brough, Kirkby Stephen, Orton, Tebay
  • West ward ^[4] - Askham, Bampton, Barton, Patterdale, Shap, Yanwath

• Kendal
  • Kendal ward ^[5] - Ambleside, Burton-in-Kendal, Grasmere, Grayrigg, Kentmere, Kendal, Windermere
  • Lonsdale ward ^[6] - Kirkby Lonsdale

Modern history

In 1889, under the Local Government Act 1888, a county council was created for Westmorland, taking functions from the Quarter Sessions. Westmorland did not contain any county boroughs throughout its history so the administrative county, or area under the control of the county council, was coterminous with the geographic county. The county council was based at Kendal, instead of the historic county town of Appleby.

Aside from the two municipal boroughs of Kendal and Appleby, the Local Government Act 1894 divided the county into urban districts and rural districts.

• 5 Urban districts: Ambleside, Bowness on Windermere, Grasmere, Kirkby Lonsdale, Windermere
• 3 Rural districts: West Ward, East Westmorland, South Westmorland

In 1905 a new Shap urban district was formed, while Windermere absorbed the neighbouring Bowness UD.

A County Review Order in 1935 reduced the number of districts in the county:

• A new Lakes Urban District was formed by the merger of Ambleside and Grasmere UDs and adjacent parishes in West Ward and South Westmorland RDs
• East Westmorland RD, most of West Ward RD andShap UD were merged to form North Westmorland Rural District
• South Westmorland RD absorbed Kirkby Lonsdale UD, at the same time losing an area to Lakes UD.^[1]

These divisions lasted until 1974. According to the 1971 census, Westmorland was the second least populated administrative county in England, after Rutland. The distribution of population was as follows: ^[7]

In 1974, under the Local Government Act 1972, the county was abolished and its former area was combined with Cumberland and parts of Lancashire and Yorkshire to form the new county of Cumbria. The former county now forms part of the districts of South Lakeland and Eden.

Coat of arms

Westmorland County Council was granted a coat of arms by the College of Arms in 1926. The design of the shield referred to the two components of the county: on two red bars (from the arms of the de Lancaster family, Barons of Kendal) was placed a gold apple tree (from the seal of the borough of Appleby, for the Barony of Westmorland). The crest above the shield was the head of a ram of the local Herdwick breed. On the ram's forehead was a shearman's hook, a tool used in the handling of wool. The hook was part of the insignia of the borough of Kendal, the administrative centre of the county council.^[8]

Legacy

Westmorland is still used as a place name by organisations and businesses in the area such as the:

• In 1974 the successor parish council formed for former the borough of Appleby adopted the name Appleby-in-Westmorland.
• The Westmorland Gazette (founded 1818)
• The Westmorland County Agricultural Society (founded 1799), which organises the annual Westmorland County Agricultural Society Show
• The Westmorland Geological Society (formed 1973)
• The Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquanarian and Archaeological Society (founded 1866)
• The Westmorland Youth Orchestra
• The Westmorland Shopping Centre, Kendal

The southern part of the county, the former Barony of Kendal or that part of Westmorland that is part of South Lakeland, is included in the Westmorland and Lonsdale parliamentary constituency.

In June 1994, during the 1990s UK local government reform, the Local Government Commission published draft recommendations suggesting that the border between Westmorland and Yorkshire and Lancashire be restored for ceremonial purposes. The final recommendations, published in October 1994, did not include such recommendations, apparently due to lack of expression of support for the proposal to the commission.

References

1. ^ ^{a b} F.A. Youngs, Guide to the Local Administrative units of England, Vol.II, Northern England, London, 1991
2. ^ 1831 Census cited in Vision of Britain - Ancient county data
3. ^ Vision of Britain - History of East ward
4. ^ Vision of Britain - History of West ward
5. ^ Vision of Britain - History of Kendal ward
6. ^ Vision of Britain - History of Lonsdale ward
7. ^ 1971 Census; Small Area Statistics
8. ^ W.C. Scott-Giles, Civic Heraldry of England and Wales, 2nd edition, London, 1953

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