.
| Disease and Transmission
| Microbial Agent
| Sources of Agent in Water Supply
| General Symptoms
|
| Amebiasis (hand-to-mouth)
| Protozoan (Entamoeba histolytic) (Cyst-like appearance)
| Sewage, non-treated drinking water, flies in water supply
| Abdominal discomfort, fatigue, weight loss, diarrhea, gas pains
Fever, abdominal pain, diarrhea
|
| Cryptosporidiosis (oral)
| Protozoan (Cryptosporidium parvum)
| Collects on water filters and membranes that cannot be disinfected, animal manure, seasonal runoff of water.
| Flu-like symptoms, watery diarrhea , loss of appetite, substantial loss of weight, bloating, increased gas, stomach
|
| Cyclosporiasis
| Protozoan parasite (Cyclospora cayetanensis)
| Sewage, non-treated drinking water
| cramps, nausea, vomiting, muscle aches, low-grade fever, and fatigue
|
| Giardiasis (oral-fecal) (hand-to-mouth)
| Protozoan (Giardia lamblia) Most common intestinal parasite
| Untreated water, poor disinfection, pipe breaks, leaks, groundwater contamination, campgrounds where humans and wildlife use same source of water. Beavers and muskrats act as a reservoir for Giardia.
| Diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, bloating, gas and gas pains
|
| Schistosomiasis (immersion)
| Schistosoma
| Contaminated fresh water with certain types of snails that carry schistosomes
| Rash or itchy skin. Fever, chills, cough, and muscle aches
|
| dracunculiasis
| dracanculus medinensis
| drinking water containing infective cyclops
| allergic reaction,urticarial rash, nausea, vomitting, diarrhoea, asthmatic attack.
|
| taeniasis solium
| taenia solium
| contaminate drinking water with eggs
| intestinal disturbances, neurologic manifestations, loss of weight, cysticercosis
|
| fascioliasis
| fasciola
| contaminated drinking water with encysted metacercaria
| GIT disturbance, diarrhea, liver enlargment, cholangitis, cholecystitis, obstructive jaundice.
|
| hymenolepiasis nana
| hymenolepis nana
| contaminated drinking water with eggs
| mild GIT symptoms, nervous manifestation
|
| hyatidosis
| echinococcus granulosus
| contaminated drinking water with eggs
| hyatid cyst press on bile ductand blood vessels, if it ruptured cause anaphylactic shock.
|
| coenurosis
| multiceps multiceps
| contaminated drinking water with eggs
| inreases intacranial tension
|
| ascraiasis
| ascaris lumbricoides
| contaminated drinking water with eggs
| loefflers syndrome in lung, nausea ,vomitting, diarrhea, malnutrition, underdevelopment,
|
| enterobiasis
| entrobius vermicularis
| contaminated drinking water with eggs
| perianal itch, nervous imitability, hyperactivityand isomnia
|
Global morbility and mortality
Some data from early 90's indicate that:
| Disease
| Morbility
(cases per year)
| Mortality
(deaths per year)
|
| Intestinal Parasites
| 1,500,000,000
| 100,000
|
| Schistosomiasis
| 200,000,000
| 200,000
|
BACTERIA
Cholera - Vibrio cholerae bacteria - gastro-intestinal often waterborne
Botulism - Clostridium botulinum bacteria - gastro-intestinal food/water borne; can grow in food
Typhoid - Salmonella typhi bacteria - gastro-intestinal water/food borne
Dysentery - Shigella/Salmonella bacteria - gastro-intestinal food/water
Legionellosis
Leptospirosis
VIRUSES
Hepatitis A - Hepatitis A virus - gastro-intestinal water/food borne
Polio - polioviruses - gastro-intestinal exposure to untreated sewage; may also be waterborne
Rotaviruses
Norwalk-like agents
Caliciviruses
Astroviruses
Small Round Structured Virus (SRSV)
Enteric Adenoviruses
See also
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