Vestal Virgin

In Ancient Rome, the Vestal Virgins (sacerdos Vestalis), were the virgin holy priestesses of Vesta, the goddess of the hearth. Their primary task was to maintain the sacred fire of Vesta. The Vestal duty brought great honor and afforded greater privileges to women who served in that role. They were the only female priests within the Roman religious system.

In mythology, the infamous Tarpeia, daughter of Spurius Tarpeius, was a traitorous Vestal Virgin. Rhea Sylvia, who was raped by Mars and conceived Romulus and Remus, and Tuccia, whose chastity was questioned, were sometimes accounted prototypes of Vestal Virgins.

The discovery of a "House of the Vestals" in Pompeii made the Vestal Virgins a popular subject in the 18th century and the 19th century.

The objects of the cult were essentially the hearth fire and pure water drawn into a clay vase.

History

The priestly office of the College of Vestal Virgins was created by the second King of Rome, Numa Pompilius (Plutarch, Life). The second century Roman antiquarian Aulus Gellius writes that the first vestal virgin taken from her parents was led away in hand by Numa Pompilius. Originally, there were two, then four (in Plutarch's time), and then six Vestal Virgins. Numa also appointed the Pontifex Maximus to preside over rites, prescribe rules for public ceremony, and watch over the Vestals.

The first Vestals, according to Varro, were Gegania, Veneneia, Canuleia, and Tarpeia. [Grimm, 275]. The earliest Vestals at Alba Longa were said to have been whipped to death for having sex. This was the fate of Rhea Sylvia, the ancestral mother of Rome, even though her virginity was taken through rape. The Roman king Tarquinius Priscus instituted the punishment of live burial, which he inflicted on the priestess Pinaria. But whipping with rods sometimes preceded the immuration, as was done to Urbinia in 471 BC. [Worsfold, 62].

Spurious accusations were leveled at Vestals for a variety of reasons. Minucia fell under suspicion for her rich dress, and so did Postumia, who also got in trouble “for her wit” unbefitting a maiden, according to Livy. Postumia was sternly warned “to leave her sports, taunts and merry conceits,” but Minucia was buried alive. [Worsfold, 62, 66; Goodrich 283] Aemilia, Licinia, and Martia were executed after being denounced by the servant of a barbarian horseman. A few Vestals were acquitted. Some cleared themselves through ordeals [1].

O Vesta, if I have always brought pure hands to your secret services, make it so now that with this sieve I shall be able to draw water from the Tiber and bring it to Your temple (Vestal Virgin Tuccia in Valerius Maximus 8.1.5 absol).

The Chief Vestal (Virgo Vestalis Maxima) oversaw the efforts of the Vestals, and was present in the Collegium Pontificum. Chief Vestal Occia presided over the Vestals for 57 years, according to Tacitus. The last known Chief Vestal was Coelia Concordia in 380. The College of Vestal Virgins ended in 391, when the fire was extinguished and the Vestal Virgins disbanded by order of Theodosius I.

Terms of service

The Vestal virgins were committed to the priesthood at a young age (before puberty) and were sworn to celibacy for 30 years.

Vestals served for thirty years, ten as students, ten in service, and ten as teachers, after which they could marry if they chose.

Few took the opportunity to leave their respected role in luxurious surroundings to submit themselves to the authority of a man, with all the restrictions placed on women by Roman law, though marrying a former vestal virgin was highly honoured.

Selection

There were six Vestal virgins. The high priest (Pontifex Maximus) chose by lot from a group of young girl candidates between their sixth and tenth year. They were required to have impeccable bodies and two living parents to serve in the order. This high priest pointed to his choice with the words, “I seize you, beloved.” They left the house of their father, were inducted by the Pontifex Maximus, and their hair was shorn. Now they were under the protection of the Goddess. Later, as it became more difficult to recruit Vestals, plebeian girls were admitted, then daughters of freedmen (Young, Worsfold, 21-3.) ^{[dubious — see talk page]}.

Tasks

Their task was to maintain the fire sacred to Vesta, the goddess of the hearth and home. Letting the fire die out was a serious offense, and was punishable by death.[2] The fire was rekindled in this case by "the rays of the sun," though the exact method is unclear. By maintaining Vesta's sacred fire, from which anyone could receive it for household use, they functioned as "surrogate housekeepers", in a religious sense, for all of Rome. Their sacred fire was treated, in Imperial times, as the Emperor's household fire. It burned until 394, when the Emperor Theodosius I's decrees forbade public pagan worship, had the fire extinguished, closed the Temple of Vesta and disbanded the Vestal Virgins.

The Vestals were put in charge of keeping safe the wills and testaments of various people such as Caesar and Marc Antony. In addition, the Vestals also guarded some sacred objects, including the Palladium, and made a special kind of flour called mola salsa which was sprinkled on all public offerings to a god.

Privileges

The dignities accorded to the Vestals were significant.

• in an era when religion was rich in pageantry, the awesome presence of the College of Vestal Virgins was required in numerous public ceremonies and wherever they went, they were transported in a carpentum, a covered two-wheeled carriage, preceded by a lictor, and had the right-of-way;
• at public games and performances they had a reserved place of honor;
• unlike most Roman women, they were not subject to the patria potestas and so were free to own property, make a will, and vote;
• they gave evidence without the customary oath;
• they were, on account of their incorruptible character, entrusted with important wills and state documents, like public treaties;
• their person was sacrosanct: death was the penalty for injuring their person and their escorts protected anyone from assault;
• they could free condemned prisoners and slaves by touching them - if a person who was sentenced to death met a vestal virgin on his way to the execution, he was automatically pardoned.
• they alone were allowed to throw ritual straw figurines called Argei, into the Tiber on May 15;
• in national crises the advisory power of the Senior Vestal, (Virgo Vestalis Maxima), was undisputed[3]. ^{[this source's reliability may need verification]}
• frequent dinner parties where the menu featured such delicacies as pâté, boiled ostrich, dormice stuffed with nuts, and fricassee of roses in pastry shells [4]. ^{[this source's reliability may need verification]}

Punishments

The punishment for violating the oath of celibacy was to be buried alive in the Campus Sceleratus or "Evil Fields" (an underground chamber near the Colline gate) with a few days of food and water.

Ancient tradition required that a disobedient Vestal Virgin be buried within the city, that being the only way to kill her without spilling her blood, which was forbidden. Unfortunately, this practice contradicted the Roman law, that no person may be buried within the city. To solve this problem, the Romans buried the offending priestess with a nominal quantity of food and other provisions, not to prolong her punishment, but so that (only in fiction of course) the Vestal would not technically die in the city, but instead descend into a “habitable room” (Staples 152). Moreover, she would (in fiction) die willingly. Records show that during the course of 11 centuries, at least 22 vestals were accused of breaking the chastity vow^{[citation needed]}. Rhea Sylvia was thrown into the river Tiber by orders from her uncle Amulius after she gave birth to Romulus and Remus; another account indicates that she was whipped to death. The Vestal Tuccia was accused of fornication, but she carried water in a sieve to prove her chastity.

The method by which it was established that a Vestal had committed an offense would be considered uncivilized by today's standards. Because a Vestal’s virginity was thought to be directly correlated to the sacred burning of the fire, if the fire were extinguished it might be assumed that either the Vestal had acted wrongly or that the Vestal had simply neglected her duties. The final decision was the responsibility of the Pontifex Maximus, or the head of the pontifical college, as opposed to a judicial body (Staples 152) ^{[dubious — see talk page]}. It is possible that at some point during the time when Vestal Virgins were still present, a municipal crisis arose which prompted the Vestals to be used as scapegoats; the problem was the result of a deed which the Vestal had most likely not committed (Staples 138) ^{[dubious — see talk page]}.

In his History of Rome, Livy writes of Postumia, a Vestal Virgin who was put on trial for a sexual offense. Even though she was innocent,

the fact that she dressed well and talked rather more freely and wittily than a young girl should, up to a point justified the suspicion against her. She was remanded, and afterwards acquitted, with a warning from the Pontifex Maximus, in the name of the college of priests, to stop making jokes and to dress in future with more regard to sanctity and less to elegance.

The paramour of a guilty Vestal was whipped to death in the Forum Boarium or on the Comitium; the guilty Vestal Virgin was buried alive. ^[1]

Vestal festivals

The chief festivals of Vesta were the Vestalia celebrated June 7 until June 15. On June 7 only, her sanctuary (which normally no one except her priestesses, the Vestal Virgins, entered) was accessible to mothers of families who brought plates of food. The simple ceremonies were officiated by the Vestals and they gathered grain and fashioned salty cakes for the festival. This was the only time when they themselves made the mola salsa, for this was the holiest time for Vesta, and it had to be made perfectly and correctly, as it was used in all public sacrifices.

Clothing

The main articles of their clothing consisted of an infula, a suffibulum, and a palla. The infula was a long headress that draped over the shoulders. Usually found underneath were red and white woolen ribbons. The suffibulum was the brooch that clipped the palla together. The palla was a simple mantle, wrapped around the Vestal Virgin. The broach and mantle were draped over the left shoulder.

House of the Vestals

Main article: House of the Vestals

List of well-known Vestal Virgins

• Aquilia Severa, whom Emperor Elagabalus married amid considerable scandal.
• Coelia Concordia, the last head of the order.
• Rhea Silvia, a possibly mythical mother of Rome's founders.
• Tarpeia, who betrayed Rome to the Sabines, and for whom the Tarpeian Rock is named.

Further reading

• Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898)
• Parker, Holt N. "Why Were the Vestals Virgins? Or the Chastity of Women and the Safety of the Roman State", American Journal of Philology, Vol. 125, No. 4. (2004), pp. 563–601.
• Samuel Ball Platner and Thomas Ashby, A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome
• Wildfang, Robin Lorsch. Rome's Vestal Virgins. Oxford: Routledge, 2006 (hardcover, ISBN 0-415-39795-2; paperback, ISBN 0-415-39796-0).

References

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