University of Louisville

The University of Louisville (also known as U of L) is a public, state-supported university located in Louisville, Kentucky, United States. It is mandated by the Kentucky General Assembly to be a "Preeminent Metropolitan Research University".^[2] U of L currently enrolls students from 119 of 120 Kentucky counties,^[3] all 50 U.S. states, and 115 countries around the world.^[4]

The University of Louisville Hospital is one of the most prestigious medical research centers in the United States, its innovations repeatedly making international headlines. The most recent discovery occurred in 2006 when U of L researchers Dr. Albert Bennet Jenson and Dr. Shin-je Ghim developed the first ever human papilloma virus vaccine, marketed by Merck and GlaxoSmithKline as Gardasil.^[5] In 2001 U of L implanted the first self contained artificial heart^[6] in the world, and in 1999 performed the first successful hand transplant.^[7]

U of L is also credited with developing the Pap smear test, the first civilian ambulance, the first specialized trauma care center, now known as an emergency room (ER), and one of the first blood banks in the United States.^[8]

Since 1999, U of L has made the largest gains of any university in National Institutes of Health research ranking, with its NIH funding increasing 277% and its rank increasing 30 places.^[9] As of 2006 among public U.S. universities, the melanoma clinic ranks third, the neurology research program fourth, and the spinal cord research program tenth in NIH funding.

The school's main campus is located in the historic Old Louisville neighborhood, which is the U.S.'s largest Victorian era National Preservation District.^[10] U of L's endowment, which has increased 355%^[11] since 1995, ranks ninth per student among all U.S. public universities^[12] and is by far the largest of any Kentucky public university.^[13]

U of L is also known for its successful athletics program. Since 2000 the Louisville Cardinals are one of only five teams to win a BCS Bowl and go to the Final Four, the others being the Oklahoma Sooners, Florida Gators, LSU Tigers, and Ohio State Buckeyes. The U of L Men's Basketball team is also the most profitable NCAA basketball team, with a net annual revenue of $14.9 million, which is more than twice what arch rival Kentucky brings in ($7 million).^[14]

Academics and innovations

University of Louisville faculty and alumni have been a part of several notable firsts and innovations, including:

• In 2006, U of L researchers Dr Albert Bennet Jenson and Dr Shin-je Ghim made international headlines by developing the first ever human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, called Gardasil, which in 2006 passed Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for U.S. use.^[15] Tests have shown the vaccine to be over 99%^[16] effective against HPV, which causes 75% of the world's 290,000^[17] annual cervical cancer deaths. They made the discovery while working with fellow Big East researcher Dr. Richard Schlegel at Georgetown University. Jenson and Grihm are currently researching a way to make the vaccine out of tobacco plants, to bring down Gardasil's price.^[18]
• George Papanicolaou developed the Pap smear to prevent cervical cancer at U of L.
• The first ever self-contained artificial heart transplant in the world in 2001.^[19]
• The first successful hand transplant in the world and first ever in the U.S. in 1999.
• Alumnus Donald Elbert headed the team of engineers that developed Astroturf.
• Alumnus Mark Wadsworth developed the "eyes" of the Mars rovers which provided the first close up views of the planet.
• Alumnus Stuart L Scott is the chief information officer for Microsoft

The University of Louisville offers bachelor's degrees in seventy fields of study, master's degrees in seventy eight fields of study, and doctorate degrees in twenty two fields of study. The school's admission standards are considered "more selective" by U.S. News & World Report.^[20]

Academically, U of L boasts a school of business that is ranked among the top 7% in the nation, a dental school ranked in the top 10 regularly according to board scores, a law school ranked among the top eighty-five in the nation, and nationally respected programs in engineering, social work, and music. U of L is also the only U.S. college to offer a minor in African American theatre,^[21] among only twenty-one schools in the U.S. to offer a graduate degree in pan-African studies, and among the first five to require public service in its law school curriculum.

The Brandeis Medal is awarded by the law school's Louis D. Brandeis Society, and is given in tribute to Brandeis, a former U.S. Supreme Court justice from Louisville and the namesake university's law school.

History

Founding and early years: 1798-1845

The University of Louisville traces its roots back to 1798^[22] when the Kentucky General Assembly chartered a school of higher learning in the newly established town of Louisville and ordered the sale of 6,000 acres of South Central Kentucky land to pay for its implementation. On April 3 1798 eight community leaders began local fund raising for the school, then known as the Jefferson Seminary. It opened fifteen years later in 1813 and offered college and high school level courses in a variety of subjects. It was headed by Edward Mann Butler from 1813 to 1816, who later headed the first public school in Kentucky in 1829 and is considered Kentucky's first historian. Despite its early success, pressure from newly established public schools and media critiques of it as "elitist" would force its closure in 1829.^[23]

Eight years later in 1837 the Louisville City Council established the Louisville Medical Institute at the urging of renowned physician and medical author Charles Caldwell. After his dismissal from Lexington's Transylvania University, Caldwell would lead the LMI into becoming one of the best medical schools west of the Allegheny Mountains. In 1840 the Louisville Collegiate Institute, a rival medical school, was established after a LMI faculty dispute. It opened in 1844 on land near the present day Health Sciences campus.

History as a private municipal university: 1846-1969

In 1846 the Kentucky legislature combined the Louisville Medical Institute, the Louisville Collegiate Institution, and a newly created law school into the University of Louisville, on a campus just east of Downtown Louisville. The LCI folded soon afterwards. The university would experience rapid growth in the twentieth century, adding new schools in the liberal arts (1907), a graduate school (1915), dentistry (1918), engineering (1925), music (1932) and social work (1936).

In 1923 the school purchased what is today the Belknap Campus to move its liberal arts programs and law school, with the medical school remaining at the downtown campus. The school had attempted to purchase a campus donated by the Belknap family in The Highlands area in 1917 (where Bellarmine University is currently located), but the plan was rebuffed after a tax increase to pay for it was voted down. However, the school chose to name the new Eastern Parkway campus after the Belknaps for their efforts.

In 1931 U of L purchased the Louisville Municipal College for Negroes (est. 1879 and now Simmons College of Kentucky), as a compromise plan to desegregation. As a part of U of L, the school had an equal standing with the school's other colleges. It was dissolved in 1951 when U of L desegregated.

In the second half of the twentieth century, schools were opened for business (1953), education (1968), and justice and administration (1969).

History as a public university: 1970-present

Talk of U of L joining the public university system of Kentucky began in the 1960s. As a municipally funded school (meaning funding only came from the city of Louisville), the movement of people to the suburbs of Louisville created budget shortfalls for the school and forced tuition prices to levels unaffordable for most students. At the same time, the school's well established medicine and law schools were seen as assets for state system. Still, there was opposition to U of L becoming public, both from faculty and alumni who feared losing the small, close-knit feel of the campus, and from universities already in the state system who feared funding cuts. After several years of debate, in 1970 the university joined the state system, a move largely orchestrated by then Kentucky governor and U of L alumnus Louie Nunn.^[24]

The first years in the public system were difficult, as enrollment skyrocketed while funding was often insufficient. Several programs were threatened with losing accreditation due to a lack of funding, although schools of nursing (1979) and urban & public affairs (1983) were added.

Shumaker era 1995-2002

John Shumaker was named U of L's president in 1995. Shumaker was a very successful fund raiser, and quickly increased the school's endowment from $183 to $550 million. He also developed the REACH program^[25] to encourage retention. In 1997, he hired athletics director Tom Jurich, who restored an athletics program facing NCAA violations and Title IX lawsuits. Jurich raised over $100 million to raze abandoned factories adjacent to campus, to build on campus athletic facilities; which vastly improved the aesthetics of the Belknap Campus.

An important development during the Shumaker years was the state mandate change in 1997. Previously, the school was legally bound to have a large percent of non traditional students, (which hurt academics and retention). The new mandate was more vague, and simply stated the school should be "a preeminent urban research university". With the new mandate and a much improved campus, U of L began enrolling more traditional students from outside Jefferson County. In 1990, 73% of students were from Jefferson County, by 2005 that number had fallen to 50%. In 1995 the school's endowment became the largest in the public system, and in 2000 U of L joined UK as the only public university to enroll students from every Kentucky county.

Ramsey era 2002-present

The school's current and twenty seventh president is James R. Ramsey, the former state budget director. Ramsey has continued the endowment and fund raising growth started by Shumaker, but added more emphasis on improving the aesthetics of the Belknap Campus. To this end, he started a million dollar "campus beautification project" which painted six overpasses on the Belknap Campus with a 'U of L theme' and planted over 500 trees along campus streets, doubled the number of on-campus housing units, brokered a deal with the state to get the outdated I-65 ramps redone, and oversaw the ongoing conversion of several abandoned factories into condominiums. The school's federal research funding has also doubled under Ramsey, and three buildings have been built for nanotechnology and medical research. He is also recognized for being able to keep Tom Jurich as athletic director, with speculation that Jurich would go elsewhere. U of L's retention rates have also increased from 30% in 1999 to 40% in 2006.

U of L's growth has created strained relations with the other public schools, especially the University of Kentucky. In 2005, UK officials accused U of L of "mission creep" after president Ramsey met with a Pikeville hospital to discuss opening a lung cancer research center there. UK's VP of Institutional Advancement threatened that "U of L should stay out of Eastern Kentucky".^[26] Strong criticism came from The Courier-Journal (Louisville's local daily newspaper and the state's largest), which editorialized that the University of Kentucky was the state's primary research university for the state and that the mission of U of L was more urban in focus.^[27] However, public opinion and the media in the rest of state supported the idea of a cooperative research center, which caused UK to soften its stance. Today a center between the two schools in Pikeville is in the talking stages. Several months later, Somerset U.S. Congressman Hal Rogers requested that a federal disease laboratory be located in Somerset with U of L and UK as its caretakers. U of L has historically had many such outreach programs in Western Kentucky, but without controversy since the school has traditionally had a strong alumni and fan base there.

In 1998 the university celebrated its bicentennial.

UPS tuition reimbursement and Metropolitan College

In addition to their nationwide partial tuition reimbursement programs, UPS (United Parcel Service) offers U of L (along with Jefferson Community College) students who work overnight at Worldport, the company's worldwide air hub at Louisville International Airport, full tuition reimbursement through a program called Metropolitan College.^[28] Currently over 75%^[29] of the workers at the air hub are students.

Schools and colleges

The university now consists of twelve different schools and colleges (year founded)

• Brandeis School of Law (1846)
• College of Arts and Sciences (1907)
• College of Business and Public Administration (1953)
• College of Education and Human Development (1968)
• Graduate School (1918)
• J. B. Speed School of Engineering (1925)
• Kent School of Social Work (1936)
• School of Dentistry (1887)
• School of Medicine (1837)
• School of Music (1932)
• School of Nursing (1979)
• School of Public Health and Information Sciences (1968)

The campuses

The university has three campuses:

Belknap campus

Acquired in 1923, the Belknap campus (pronounced "Bel-nap" with the K silent) is considered the school's main campus. It is located three miles south of downtown Louisville in the Old Louisville neighborhood, which is the largest Victorian preservation district in the United States. It houses seven of the 12 academic colleges and contains one of Auguste Rodin's few remaining "The Thinker" statues in front of the main administrative building, Grawemeyer Hall. The tallest buildings on the Belknap campus are the 10-story University tower and the 11-story Unitas Tower.

The size of the Belknap campus has doubled since 1998, with many abandoned factories in the area being purchased and redeveloped, with projects such as Papa John's Cardinal Stadium, the Cardinal Park complex, and the Jim Patterson Baseball Stadium and Jewish Hospital Sports Medicine complex, the Central Station shopping center and a lacrosse field. With new parking at Papa John's Cardinal Stadium, non resident parking was moved there and the parking lots near campus were redeveloped with new dormitory buildings, including the Bettie Johnson Apartments, Kurz Hall (commonly called Phase 2), Minardi Hall, and Community Park. U of L has developed the campus almost entirely with private founding and using private companies to build and run the new residential halls since the state has offered little financial help for the projects.

Other points of interest on the Belknap Campus include the Rauch Planetarium, the Covi Gallery of the Hite Art Institute, and the final resting place for former U.S. Supreme Court Justice Louis D. Brandeis under the portico in the Brandeis Law School. Surrounded by, but not part of the campus, are the Speed Art Museum, a private institution not affiliated with the University of Louisville, and the Confederate Civil War Monument, located at the juncture of 2nd and 3rd Streets, which honors Confederate Civil War dead; this was built there before the school grew to surround the land it stands on, which is owned by the City of Louisville. The Kentucky State Data Center, the state's official clearing house for census data and estimates, is located next to Bettie Johnson Hall.

Development projects

There are several important projects under construction or planned in the near future, including the reconstruction of the I-65 ramps to the Belknap Campus, converting the four lanes of Eastern Parkway into a two-lane road with bike lanes and a landscaped median to improve pedestrian access to the Speed School, the moving of several university offices to allow the existing facilities at Arthur Street and Brandeis Avenue to be converted to commercial property and restaurants, and the conversion of the old macaroni factory on Floyd Street into a condominium

complex which will include five acres of commercial property. The Yum! Center (a basketball and volleyball practice facility) is currently under construction at Floyd Street and Eastern Parkway, as is the construction of a 12,000 square feet Olympic sports training/rehab center adjacent to Trager Stadium.

Long-term plans include reconstruction of the 3rd Street railway tunnel between Winkler Avenue and Eastern Parkway, purchase of the Standard Oil Building at 450 West Cardinal Boulevard to provide more on-campus parking, improvement of Stansbury Park, and conversion of the former Reynolds Building on 4th Street into a mixed-use commercial and residential project. Planned improvements to athletic facilities include revamping the rowing facilities at Phase II of Waterfront Park and expansion of Papa John's Cardinal Stadium to 60,000 seats.

Health Sciences Center

The U of L Health Sciences Center, also called the med campus, is located just east of Downtown Louisville. It houses the remaining five colleges and is located just east of downtown Louisville, in the Louisville medical park which contains three other major hospitals and several specialty hospitals. This is the school's original campus, being continuously used since 1846, although none of the original buildings remain. Buildings of note on the HSC include the fourteen story Medical Research Tower and the ten-story University Hospital. Construction is finished for a recently-opened, downtown Louisville Cardiovascular Research Innovation Institute building to be directed by a researcher, Stuart Williams from the University of Arizona; and an eight story, $70 million biomedical research building. Faculty and students also work with neighboring hospitals including Jewish Hospital and Kosair Children's Hospital, as well as outreach programs throughout Kentucky, including in Paducah, Campbellsville, and Glasgow.

Shelby campus

The Shelby campus is located on Shelbyville Road near Hurstbourne Parkway in Eastern Louisville. This campus was originally the home of Kentucky Southern College, a Southern Baptist liberal arts college that operated from 1961 to 1969.^[30] After the college folded, U of L acquired the campus. It currently only has three buildings which are used for night classes and seminars, although construction of a Bio-terrorism Research facility is in the works.^[31] The Shelby Campus is also home for the iTRC Building which houses the IT Resource Center for Homeland Security. The iTRC conducts communications and IT research for the U.S. Department of Homeland Security as well as seminars and training in emergency preparedness and response.^[32]

Panama campus and other facilities

The University of Louisville also runs a sister campus^[33] in Panama City, Panama, which has an MBA program.^[34] The full time program takes around 16 months to complete and enrolls about 200 students. It is currently ranked the 4th best MBA program in South America.^[35] U of L recently opened another MBA program in Athens, Greece.

The school also operates the Moore Observatory in Oldham County, which is used for space viewing. There are also plans to purchase several hundred acres in Oldham County for the school's equine program.

Libraries

The University of Louisville library system is a member of the Association of Research Libraries, a fraternity of the nation's top college libraries.^[36] U of L's main library branch is the William F. Ekstrom Library, which opened in 1981. The four story building finished an expansion in March 2006, which increased its total size to 290,000 sq feet and shelving capacity to over 2.4 million books. It is one of only five universities in the U.S. to have a robotic retrieval system,^[37] which robotically places books in humidity-free bins.

There are six other libraries at the university, with a combined total of over 600,000 volumes of work:

• The Art Library
• Dwight Anderson Memorial Music Library
• Kornhauser Health Sciences Library
• Laura Kersey Library of Engineering
• Brandeis Law School Library
• University Archives and Center

The Kersey library is being converted to an academic building that will be part of the J. B. Speed School of Engineering. Plans are to move the entire collection of the Kersey engineering library to the main library on campus, Ekstrom Library, before 2007.

Media

One main criticism of the university is that, despite being in a large city, it has no university-controlled television station and no student-operated radio station. However, U of L does hold a prominent role in the city of Louisville's "Public Radio Partnership" which features three NPR stations under one roof. The school holds one-third of the seats on the Partnership's board of directors.

The school formerly controlled its namesake station, WUOL, but that station is now the classical music part of the Partnership.

There is also an independent student-run newspaper, The Louisville Cardinal, which publishes weekly and is available online.

Greek life

Sororities

• Sigma Kappa 1922
• Pi Beta Phi 1925
• Delta Phi Epsilon 1927 (closed since 1951)
• Zeta Tau Alpha 1927 (closed since 1977)
• Kappa Delta 1928
• Delta Zeta 1928
• Chi Omega 1929
• Alpha Omicron Pi 1983

Fraternities

• Alpha Phi Omega 1946 (Co-ed Community Service)
• Beta Theta Pi
• Delta Upsilon
• Kappa Alpha Psi
• Kappa Sigma
• Lambda Chi Alpha
• Pi Kappa Alpha 1995
• Phi Delta Theta
• Phi Kappa Tau
• Sigma Alpha Epsilon
• Sigma Chi
• Sigma Phi Epsilon
• Tau Kappa Epsilon
• Triangle

Enrollment statistics^[38]

Undergraduate student body

• Total enrollment is 21,841 as of Fall 2006.
• 79.7% of students are Kentucky residents.
• 48.8% of students are from Jefferson County (down from 64% in 1995)
• Average ACT Score: 24.2 (up from 20.7 in 1995)^[39]
• 6 year retention rate: 40.6% (up from 33% in 2004)^[40]
• 11,085 Full Time
• 3,787 Part Time
• 47% Male
• 53% Female

Demographics

• 81% White
• 14% African American
• 3% Asian
• 1% Hispanic
• 1% International

Top fifteen counties for enrollment, Fall 2005 (Largest city in county)

Top five non-U.S. countries for enrollment, Fall 2005

1. Panama 211*
2. India 171
3. China 151
4. Egypt 72
5. South Korea 50

Top five non-Kentucky states for enrollment, Fall 2005

1. Indiana 1,352
2. Ohio 159
3. Illinois 126
4. Florida 121
5. Tennessee 110

• *Panama enrollment due mostly to U of L's Panama City campus,^[33] which offers a full time MBA program.^[41]

Notable alumni and faculty, athletic alumni, and list of presidents

Main article: List of University of Louisville people

Athletics

Main article: Louisville Cardinals

The Louisville Cardinals (affectionately referred to as "the Cards") joined the Big East Conference on July 1 2005 after spending the previous 10 years as a member of Conference USA. U of L is traditionally known for its men's basketball and volleyball teams. However, in recent years the football team has gained national prominence, with a 32-5 record since 2004 and two of three seasons finishing Top 5 in the final BCS poll. The Cardinals won the 2006 Big East title and the 2007 Orange Bowl.

In addition to U of L's traditionally strong fan in Louisville, Southern Indiana, and Western Kentucky (particularly in the cities of Bowling Green, Paducah, and Owensboro), U of L's fan base is now expanding into other parts of the state, especially in the Northern Kentucky and the Lexington/Frankfort areas. U of L currently has radio affiliates throughout the state, and since 2004 all U of L games and coach's shows on WHAS-TV Louisville is televised on every cable provider in Kentucky.

The total sales of U of L merchandise has tripled since 2001, now ranking 32nd nationally in sales, second highest in the Big East Conference and the 3rd Highest among all urban universities (beneath Southern California and Miami). Since 1997, the school has spent over $150 million dollars (all from private funding) in upgrading its sports facilities. Since 2004, U of L has won conference titles in eight sports. U of L currently fields 11 women's teams and eight men's teams.

Trivia

• U of L Marching Band trumpet player Patrick Henry Hughes has made international headlines because he is blind and wheel chair bound, his father has to push his wheel chair to do the bands routines. NPR, ABC, and BBC World News have all done stories on Hughes, which has produced a tremendous emotional response from their viewers and listeners.
• Despite being just 2.5 miles from the Indiana border, U of L is the closest to Kentucky's geographic center (NW of Lebanon, Kentucky) among all eight public universities. It also sits at the lowest elevation of any Kentucky public university (about 460 feet).^[42]
• U of L's first president, Edward Mann Butler, was the first historian of Kentucky and the Ohio River Valley.
• U of L was among the first municipally-supported college in the United States.
• A Union fortress was located on the hill overlooking the eastern edge of Cardinal Park (that I-65 is now on) during the Civil War, giving it the name Fort Hill.
• U of L is the only Kentucky university offering a graduate degree in women's and gender studies and was the first to offer a graduate degree in pan-African studies.
• The U of L marching band has performed "My Old Kentucky Home" at every Kentucky Derby since 1936.
• In the Fall 2004-Spring 2005 season, the men's basketball, volleyball, and football teams had a combined record of 75-9, with each team achieving a top 6 national ranking. No college has ever had those three sports achieve such a combined record in one year
• U of L has more registered college license plates than the University of Kentucky (18,300 to 17,000); a fourfold increase since 2004.^[43]

See also

• The University of Louisville Cardinal Singers
• The University of Louisville Collegiate Chorale
• History of Louisville, Kentucky

References

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2. ^ http://www.louisville.edu/about/mission.html URL accessed on June 8 2006
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4. ^ http://www.louisville.edu/~jbmorr03/Fall-05-Enrollment-by-State.pdf URL accessed on July 7 2006
5. ^ http://januvia.blogspot.com/2006/12/merck-markets-cancer-vaccine.html
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7. ^ http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/411618?src=searchcol URL accessed on June 8 2006
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12. ^ http://www.nacubo.org/documents/about/FY05NESInstitutionsbyTotalAssets.pdf URL accessed on June 8 2006
13. ^ UK endowment still lags behind Berea College, UofL URL accessed on June 8 2006
14. ^ ESPN - Lawsuit targets NCAA's capping of scholarship costs.
15. ^ http://www.courier-journal.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20060531/NEWS01/605310428 URL accessed on June 8 2006
16. ^ http://www.applesforhealth.com/HealthyFeatures/pbcvac7.html URL accessed on June 8 2006
17. ^ http://www.usatoday.com/news/health/2006-06-08-cervical-cancer-vaccine_x.htm?csp=24 URL accessed on June 8 2006
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19. ^ http://www.heartpioneers.org/patient/gallery/conference1.html URL accessed on June 8 2006
20. ^ http://www.usnews.com/usnews/edu/college/directory/brief/drglance_1999_brief.phphttp://www.usnews.com/usnews/edu/college/directory/brief/drglance_1999_brief.php URL accessed on June 8 2006
21. ^ http://www.louisville.edu/a-s/ta/aatp.html URL accessed on June 8 2006
22. ^ http://www.louisville.edu/about/history.html URL accessed on June 8 2006
23. ^ http://www.lms.jefferson.k12.ky.us/archivet.html URL accessed on June 8 2006
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25. ^ http://www.reach.louisville.edu/about/
26. ^ http://www.courier-journal.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20050429/NEWS0104/504290452 URL accessed on June 8 2006
27. ^ http://www.lawreader.com/index.php/browse/node/4363.html URL accessed on June 8 2006
28. ^ http://www.metro-college.com/ URL accessed on June 8 2006
29. ^ http://www.courier-journal.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20060518/BUSINESS/605180364&SearchID=73245163185686 URL accessed on June 8 2006
30. ^ http://special.library.louisville.edu/display-collection.asp?ID=802
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32. ^ http://www.TheiTRC.com
33. ^ ^{a b} http://www.louisville.edu/a-s/cml/las/channing/
34. ^ http://cm.cbpa.louisville.edu/content.asp?id=148
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36. ^ http://www.arl.org/members.html URL accessed on June 8 2006
37. ^ http://www.louisville.edu/library/ekstrom/tour/floor1/robot.html URL accessed on June 8 2006
38. ^ http://www.louisville.edu/about/profile.html URL accessed on June 8 2006
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40. ^ http://www.courier-journal.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20061006/NEWS0104/610060359
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43. ^ http://www.courier-journal.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20061021/NEWS01/610210358

• Kleber, John "The Encyclopedia of Louisville" pp 902-903 History of the University of Louisville

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