The Silence of the Lambs (novel)

The Silence of the Lambs is a 1988 novel by Thomas Harris, his second to feature sociopathic psychiatrist and cannibal Dr. Hannibal "The Cannibal" Lecter. In the novel, Clarice Starling, a young FBI trainee, is sent to see the imprisoned Lecter in order to ask his expert advice on catching a serial killer given the name Buffalo Bill, who is abducting women and skinning them.

Plot summary

The novel opens with Clarice Starling, a young FBI trainee, being asked to carry out an errand by Jack Crawford, the head of the FBI division that draws up psychological profiles of serial killers. Starling is asked to present a questionnaire to a brilliant former forensic psychiatrist turned cannibalistic sociopath, Hannibal Lecter. Lecter is serving nine consecutive life sentences in a Maryland mental institution for his murders.

We also learn of Jack Crawford's hunt for a serial killer dubbed Buffalo Bill, who has abducted five different women, keeping them for up to two weeks before killing them, taking parts of their skin and dumping them in rivers. The nickname was started by Kansas City Police Homicide Division, on the theory that "he likes to skin his humps."

Starling interviews Lecter in his cell, which is located at a distance from the other patients on his block; she must pass down the entire row, and during her transit, one inmate, Multiple Miggs, hisses that "I can smell your cunt." Lecter himself is pleasant and well-mannered, almost to an extent that would be considered charming, but is also capable of incredible psychological insight into her personality; he is able to lay her bare with only a few words. He refuses to fill out the questionaire, and sends Starling on her way; but as she leaves, Miggs flings semen at her, and Lecter, offended at this discourtesy, calls Starling back to his cell and gives her cryptic information. He tells her to "look in Raspail's car for her valentines." (Lecter later talks Miggs into swallowing his own tongue, which results in Miggs's death.)

The information leads Starling to a storage rental lot where the possessions of Lecter's last victim, Benjamin Raspail, are contained. In Raspail's vintage car is a severed head in a jar. Back at the asylum, Lecter explains that the head is that of a man named Klaus; he was Raspail's lover before his death at Raspail's hands. Lecter also drops tantalizing hints on Buffalo Bill. He predicts that the next victim will have been scalped, and offers his professional insight on Buffalo Bill's motivation: "He wants a vest with tits on it." Finally, he provides a bit of insight into his own life: he has been in a windowless, stone-walled cell for eight years, and will help Starling and Crawford if they will arrange for his transfer to a prison where he has, at least, a window.

When Bill's sixth victim is found, Starling helps Crawford perform the autopsy in West Virginia. Crawford himself is under great stress, as his wife is at home in the last stages of a terminal illness, and Starling, still a trainee, has not received adequate training for an autopsy. Nonetheless, both go to their work. A moth chrysalis is found in the throat of the victim, and just as Lecter predicted, she has been scalped. Diamond shaped patches of skin have been taken from her shoulders. Autopsy reports, furthermore, indicate that he killed her within four days of her capture; whatever it is he does with them, he's getting better and faster at it. On the basis of Lecter's prediction, Starling believes that he knows who Buffalo Bill really is. She also asks why she was sent to fish for information on Buffalo Bill without being told she was doing so; Crawford explains that, if she had had an agenda, Lecter would never have spoken up.

Starling takes the chrysalis to the Smithsonian, where (much later in the book) it is eventually identified as the "Death's Head Moth," so named because of the signature skull design on its back. It lives only in Asia, and in the United States must be hand-raised.

In Tennessee, Catherine Baker Martin, the daughter of Senator Ruth Martin, is kidnapped. Within six hours, her blouse is found on the roadside, slit up the back: Buffalo Bill's calling card. Crawford is advised that no less than the President of the United States has expressed "intense interest" in the case, and that a successful rescue is preferable. Crawford estimates they have three days before Catherine is killed.

With the stakes heightened, Starling is sent back to Lecter to obtain more information from him after his correct predictions and, most notably, the discovery of another Death's Head Moth cocoon in Klaus's throat. Lecter lied about Klaus's killer; it was Buffalo Bill, and Starling's theory that Lecter knows Bill's identity is now accepted as factual. Starling presents Lecter with a deal: if he gives information which leads to Bill's arrest and saves Catherine Martin's (the senator's daughter) life, Senator Martin will have Lecter transferred to a new institution where he will be given more privileges. This deal was concocted by Crawford as a last-ditch effort to get Lecter to talk; Senator Martin in fact knows nothing about it, which Starling "does not know". Lecter, in turn, demands information from Starling: he will offer his views on who Buffalo Bill might be in exchange for details of her personal life.

He starts by asking Starling about her worst childhood memory: the death of her father, a marshall who was killed by two robbers on a night patrol. In exchange, Lecter explains that Bill is seeking to change himself. He explains that "Buffalo Bill" is not actually a transsexual, but only thinks he is. Bill's obsession with moths stems from the metamorphosis they go through, caterpillar to chrysalis to butterfly. He has probably tried to apply for gender-reassignment surgery and been rejected. Starling doesn't pick up on how this will help her, so Lecter probes further into her past: After her father's death, her mother couldn't support her and she was sent to her uncle's ranch in Montana. Two months later she ran away. Lecter, quid pro quo, explains that checking through the records of people turned down for gender-reassignment surgery because of convictions for violence would be a good place to start. Afterwards, Jack Crawford follows up on this tip by requesting information on rejected sex-change applicants at Johns Hopkins Hospital.

After Starling leaves, Lecter reminisces on the past, recalling a conversation with Benjamin Raspail. Raspail, during that therapy session, explained Klaus's death at the hands of Raspail's jealous former lover, Jame Gumb, who then used Klaus's skin to make an apron. Raspail also revealed that Gumb was obsessed with butterflies and moths. Lecter's pleasant ruminations are interrupted when Chilton steps in. A listening device allowed him to overhear Starling's conversation, and Chilton has found out that Crawford's deal is a lie. He offers one of his own: If Lecter reveals Buffalo Bill's identity, he will indeed get a transfer to another asylum, but only if Chilton gets credit for getting the information from him. Lecter insists that he'll only give the information to Senator Ruth Martin in person, in Tennessee. Chilton agrees. Unknown to Chilton, Lecter has managed to fashion and conceal a handcuff key. He knows that once he is outside the asylum, he will be in the custody of police officers who will use handcuffs on him, rather than straitjackets.

In Tennessee, Lecter toys with Senator Martin briefly, enjoying the woman's anguish, but eventually gives her some information about Buffalo Bill: his name is William Rubin, and he has elephant ivory anthrax, a knifemaker's disease. He also provides an accurate physical description. This information in hand, the FBI races off to save Catherine.

The next day, with Lecter held in a makeshift cell, Clarice Starling confronts him. She suspects that Lecter misled everyone about "Billy Rubin". Their conversation continues from before, with Lecter giving clues as to Buffalo Bill's identity in exchange for stories about Starling's childhood. Lecter explains that Bill's base nature is to covet: he wants that which he sees around him, every day. He then asks Starling to explain the circumstances of her flight from her uncle's farm. One night at the ranch, Starling says, she awoke in darkness to hear lambs screaming as they were being butchered. Lecter asks if she can still hear the lambs crying, and wonders if she imagines that saving Catherine will finally give her some peace. Lecter now understands Clarice Starling, but Chilton interrupts the conversation, preventing Lecter from transmitting to her a parallel understanding of Buffalo Bill. He does return Starling's case file to her before she is escorted from the building. She is further ordered by Justice Department deputy Paul Krendler to return to Quantico and study like she's supposed to; failure to do so will result in her flunking out.

That evening, Lecter requests a second meal. Using his makeshift key, he picks the lock of his handcuffs while Officer Boyle guards him and Officer Pembry places the tray in his cell. He then outfights both officers. The action then cuts to the police on duty downstairs, who hear three shots fired and begin an armed ascent to Lecter's cell at the top of the building. There they find Boyle mutilated and dead, Pembry mutilated but barely alive, and no sign of Lecter. While the EMTs transport Pembry down in the elevator, blood drips from the hatch in the elevator's ceiling. Carefully, SWAT opens a door onto the shaft and demands Lecter's surrender; when the form below does not move, the hatch is opened, and a corpse is removed. The SWAT team and police gather around what they believe is Lecter's dead body, until one officer comes forward and recognizes the tattoos on its arms as belonging to Pembry. The ambulance, containing two hapless corpsmen and Hannibal Lecter disguised in Pembry's face, never makes it to the hospital. A clue left behind by Lecter in the makeshift cell later reveals that William "Billy" Rubin isn't a real name, but instead a play on the word "bilirubin", which is a "chief coloring agent in shit".

Starling's shock at all these events is put on hold when she realizes that Lecter has left some further clues for her. Starling realizes that Buffalo Bill's first victim, Fredrica Bimmel, was killed first but found third, suggesting that Bill wanted to hide her body. Starling surmises that Bill knew her in personal life, since Bill began by coveting that which he saw around him every day. She accepts that she will flunk out of Quantico and Crawford (whose wife has just died) sends her to Bimmel's hometown, Belvedere, Ohio. There, Starling discovers that Bimmel was a tailor. Dresses in her closet have diamond shaped templates on them, identical to the patches of skin removed from Buffalo Bill's latest victim. Recalling Lecter's summary of Buffalo Bill's motive—"He wants a vest with tits on it"—Starling realizes that Buffalo Bill is a capable tailor who wants to make himself into a woman by fashioning himself a "woman suit" of real skin. She telephones her FBI office and is informed that a team is already on the way to make an arrest. Lecter's transsexual-surgery theory has yielded a positive ID from Johns Hopkins: a "Jame Gumb" just outside Chicago. Crawford is leading a strike on Gumb's business address in Calumet City, Illinois, while Chicago SWAT takes a home address. Starling is to continue interviewing Bimmel's friends.

Starling learns (from Bimmel's friend "Stacy") that Bimmel once worked for a woman named Mrs. Lippman. At Lippman's house, however, the door is answered by Jame Gumb. Starling has no idea who he really is (he gives his name as "Jack Gordon"), but when she spies a Death's Head Moth flapping around inside his house, she understands. Clarice draws her weapon and attempts to arrest Gumb, but he scrambles down into the basement and she pursues. She finds Catherine Martin in a home-made oubliette, and is hunting Gumb when the lights go out, leaving her in darkness. Gumb, who deliberately tripped the fuses and is now wearing night vision goggles, creeps up behind Starling and cocks his gun. Starling hears the sound, fires, and kills him. His last words are, "How does it feel to be beautiful?"

Life returns to normal for Starling. She is not going to flunk out, but the FBI is cutting her very little slack. With her roommate's help, she plans to cram for some final exams and graduate. She has approval where it counts, though: from Crawford, from some of her instructors, and of course from Catherine and Ruth Martin.

In a St. Louis hotel room, we find Lecter writing farewell letters. He is planning some self-administered cosmetic surgery to disguise himself, but for now he has some loose ends to tie up. To Chilton, he promises horrible retribution. To Barney, a nurse at the ward who was civil to him, Lecter appends thanks and a generous tip. Finally, to Starling, he sends a promise that he will not come after her, "the world being more interesting with you in it." He also reminds her that he would like to be informed, should she ever defeat her inner demons and find herself in the silence of the lambs.

Characters in The Silence of the Lambs

• Clarice Starling
• Dr. Hannibal Lecter
• Jack Crawford
• Jame Gumb - Buffalo Bill
• Barney
• Ardelia Mapp
• Dr Frederick Chilton
• Catherine Baker Martin
• Senator Ruth Martin
• Paul Krendler
• Noble Pilcher
• Albert Roden

Film adaptation

Main article: The Silence of the Lambs

Following the 1986 adaptation of Red Dragon (filmed as Manhunter), The Silence of the Lambs was adapted by Jonathan Demme in 1991. The Silence of the Lambs became the third film in Oscar history to win the five most prestigious Academy Awards - Actor in a leading role, Actress in a leading role, Director, Motion Picture, and Screenplay. It stars Anthony Hopkins as Hannibal Lecter, Jodie Foster as Clarice Starling and Ted Levine as the serial killer Buffalo Bill or his real name Jame Gumb.

Literary significance

The novel was a great success and Craig Brown of the Mail on Sunday wrote, "No thriller writer is better attuned than Thomas Harris to the rhythms of suspense. No horror writer is more adept at making the stomach churn", The Independent wrote "Utterly gripping" and Amazon wrote "...driving suspense, compelling characters,...a well-executed thriller..."^{[citation needed]}

Awards and nominations

The novel won the 1988 Bram Stoker Award for Best Novel.

Footnotes

es:El silencio de los corderos ja:羊たちの沈黙 pl:Milczenie owiec (powieść) sv:När lammen tystnar

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