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The opposite of slow motion is fast motion. Cinematographers refer to fast motion as undercranking since it was originally achieved by cranking a handcranked camera slower than normal. It is often used for comic effect. The concept of slow motion may have existed before the invention of the motion picture: the Japanese theatrical form Noh employs very slow movements.
How slow motion worksThere are two ways in which slow motion can be achieved in modern cinematography. Both involve a camera and a projector. A projector refers to a classical film projector in a movie theatre, but the same basic rules apply to a television screen and any other device that displays consecutive images at a constant frame rate. OvercrankingImage:OvercrankingTimeline.png For the purposes of making the above illustration readable a projection speed of 10 frames per second (fps) has been selected, in fact film is usually projected at 24 fps making the equivalent slow motion 48 fps.
Most video cameras do not allow the operator to select a frame speed faster than the projection speed. For this reason, overcranking is sometimes referred to as film slow motion because it is most often achieved with film cameras. Digital overcranking is currently rare. Time stretchingImage:DigitalSlowmotionTimeline.png Frames marked with an X must be fabricated. Since the necessary frames were never photographed, new frames must be fabricated. Sometimes the new frames are simply repeats of the proceeding frames but more often they are created by interpolating between frames. (Often this interpolation is effectively a short dissolve between still frames). Many complicated algorithms exist that can track motion between frames and generate intermediate frames that appear natural and smooth. However it is understood that these methods can never achieve the clarity or smoothness of its overcranking counterpart. Traditionally, frames were duplicated on an optical printer. True frame interpolation can only be done digitally. Simple replication of the same frame twice is also sometimes called half-speed. This relatively primitive technique (as opposed to digital interpolation) is often visually detectable by the casual viewer. It was used in certain scenes in Tarzan, the Ape Man, and critics pointed it out. Sometimes lighting limitations or editorial decisions can require it. A wide-angle shot of Roy Hobbs swinging the bat, in the climactic moments of The Natural, was printed at half-speed in order to simulate slow-motion, and the closeup that immediately followed it was true overcranked slow-motion. A VCR may have the option of slow motion playback, sometimes at various speeds; this can be applied to any normally recorded scene. It is similar to half-speed, and is not true slow-motion, but merely longer display of each frame. See also
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