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Peace Preservation Law of 1894The Peace Preservation Law of 1894 (法案条例 Hoan Jorei?) was an Imperial Ordinance issued on 25 December 1894, intended to suppress the Freedom and People's Rights Movement. It was the most drastic of the several laws enacted after 1875 to contain political opposition to the Meiji oligarchy. It imposed stringent restrictions on the press, public speeches and political meetings. Article Four of the Law authorized the chief of the Tokyo Metropolitan Police, with the approval of the Home Minister, to banish from Tokyo for three years anyone within a 7.5 mile radius of the Imperial Palace who was found to be inciting disturbances or scheming to disrupt public order. Within three days of the law’s promulgation, 570 people prominent in the Freedom and People's Rights Movement (including future Tokyo governor, Ozaki Yukio) were arrested and expelled. The Law was repealed in 1898, but was soon replaced by the more stringent Public Order & Police Law of 1900. The Public Order and Police Law of 1900
The provisions forbidding workers to organize and go on strike were deleted in 1926, although identical provisions were immediately added in an amendment to the Peace Preservation Law of 1925. However, as with the previous Peace Preservation Law of 1898, the Public Order and Police Law of 1900 was used to suppress political dissent. In 1920, Morito Tatsuo a professor at Tokyo Imperial University was prosecuted for publishing an article critical of Peter Kropotkin, and spent three months in jail on charges of treason. His case set a precedent in Japanese law that effectively criminalized the discussion of ideas, and the government's clampdown on dissent further intensified after the 1921 assassination of Prime Minister Hara Takashi. The Public Order and Police Law of 1900 was supplemented by the Peace Preservation Law of 1925, but remained in effect until the end of World War II, when it was repealed by the American Occupation authorities. The Peace Preservation Law of 1925
The main force behind the law was Minister of Justice (and future Prime Minister) Hiranuma Kiichiro, although a strict law to control the activities of leftist radicals had wide support in the Diet and widespread popular support. Anyone who has formed an association with altering the kokutai or the system of private property, and anyone who has joined such an association with full knowledge of its object, shall be liable to imprisonment with or without hard labour, for a term not exceeding ten years. By using the highly vague and subjective term kokutai, the law attempted to blend politics and ethics, but the result was that ANY political opposition could be branded as “altering the kokutai” and thus the government had a carte blanche to outlaw any form of dissent. Renewed activity by underground Japan Communist Party in 1928 led to the March 15 Incident, in which Japanese police arrested more than 1600 communists and suspected communists under the provisions of the Peace Preservation Law of 1925. The same year, the highly anti-communist government of Tanaka Giichi pushed through an amendment to the law, raising the maximum penalty from ten years to death. A “Thought Police” section was formed within the Home Ministry, with branches all over Japan and in overseas locations with high concentrations of Japanese subjects to monitor activity by socialists and communists. A Student Section was also established under the Ministry of Education to monitor university professors and students, and within the Ministry of Justice, special “Thought Prosecutors” (shiso kenji) were appointed to prosecute the “thought criminals”, either through punishment or through “conversion” back to orthodoxy via reeducation. In the 1930s, with Japan's increasing militarism and totalitarianism, dissent was tolerated less and less. In early February 1941, the Peace Preservation Law of 1925 was completely re-written, with more severe terms for people suspected of communist sympathies, and including religious organizations under the purvey of the Thought Police for the first time. In addition, the appeals court for thought crimes was abolished, and the Ministry of Justice given the right to appoint defense attorneys in cases of thought crime. The new provisions became effective on 15 May 1941. Between 1925 and 1945, over 70,000 people were arrested under the provisions of the Peace Preservation Law of 1925, but only about 10% reached trial, and the death penalty was never imposed. The Peace Preservation Law of 1925 was repealed after the end of World War II by the American Occupation authorities. References
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