Oliver!

Oliver! is a British musical, with music and lyrics by Lionel Bart. It was made into a film directed by Carol Reed.

The musical

It first appeared in the West End in 1960, and enjoyed a long run that launched the careers of several child actors, including Davy Jones, later of The Monkees, Phil Collins, later of Genesis, and Tony Robinson, later playing the role of Baldrick in the television series Black Adder. The rock star Steve Marriott (The Small Faces) also featured in early line-ups, eventually graduating to the role of Dodger in the West End. The musical is based upon Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens. That it was the first musical adaptation of a Dickens novel to become a stage hit was one of the reasons why it attracted such attention. There had been two previous Dickens musicals, both of them television adaptations of A Christmas Carol in the 1950s, but never a successful stage musical, and certainly never one of as dramatic a story as Oliver Twist. Another reason for its success was the revolving stage set, an innovation designed by Sean Kenny. Sean Kenny described how he designed the set for the original stage production in an article ( "Designing Oliver" ) published in "The Strand Archive", 18, ii, 7, September 1960, pp 6 - 12 (http://www.strandarchive.co.uk/tabs/a_to_z.htm ): the article contains rare photographs of the set taken from Stalls right & Dress Circle/ left positions. The edition also contains interesting articles by the lighting engineer, John Wyckham ( pp 12 - 16 ), and by an audience member, K.R. Ackerman ( pp 17 - 18 ). Copies may be obtainable from The Theatre Museum, Covent Garden, London, WC2E 7PR ( http://www.theatremuseum.org.uk ).

The original London production of Oliver! opened in the New Theatre (now the Noel Coward Theatre) on June 30 1960. Among the original cast were Ron Moody as Fagin, Georgia Brown as Nancy, and Barry Humphries in a small role as a humorous undertaker. Keith Hamshire (the original Oliver) is now a Hollywood still photographer (Star Wars etc); Martin Horsey (the original Dodger) works as an actor/ director and is the author of the play "L'Chaim".

In view of criticisms from some quarters about racial/ ethnic stereotyping, it is interesting to note that as well as being authored/ composed by a Jew, the first stage production of "Oliver!" featured many Jewish actors in leading roles: Ron Moody (Ronald Moodnik), Georgia Brown (Lilian Klot), & Martin Horsey.

The musical first appeared in the U.S. in a 1962 national tour. The first Broadway production opened in the Imperial Theatre on January 6 1963.

Dickens's original novel is considerably simplified for the purposes of the musical, with Fagin being represented more as a comic character than as a villain, and large portions of the latter part of the story being completely left out.

Songs

1. Food Glorious Food
2. Oliver!
3. I Shall Scream
4. Boy for Sale
5. That's Your Funeral (song)
6. Where is Love?
7. Consider Yourself
8. You've Got to Pick a Pocket or Two
9. It's a Fine Life
10. I'd Do Anything
11. Be Back Soon
12. Oom-Pah-Pah
13. My Name
14. As Long As He Needs Me
15. Where is love? (reprise)
16. Who Will Buy?
17. It's a Fine Life (reprise)
18. Reviewing the Situation
19. Oliver! (reprise)
20. As Long As He Needs Me (reprise)
21. Reviewing the Situation (reprise)
22. Finale

Plot, with songs indicated (summary based on the original 1960 production)

Act I

The musical opens in the workhouse, as the half-starved orphan boys are entering the enormous lunchroom for dinner.(Food Glorious Food).They are fed only gruel. Nine year old Oliver Twist gathers up the courage to ask for more. He is immediately apprehended and is told to gather his belongings by Mr Bumble and the Widow Corney, the heartless and greedy caretakers of the workhouse(Oliver!). Mr Bumble and Widow Corney start flirting during conversation. Mr Bumble goes too far in I Shall Scream!. At the end Widow Corney ends up on Mr Bumble's lap, kissing him. Oliver comes back and is promptly sold (Boy for Sale) and apprenticed to an undertaker, Mr. Sowerberry. He and his wife taunt Oliver with the song That's Your Funeral. He is sent to sleep in the basement with the coffins, something which makes him visibly uncomfortable.(Where is Love?).

The next morning bully Noah Claypole, who oversees Oliver's work, badmouths Oliver's dead mother, whereupon Oliver begins pummeling him. Mr. Bumble is sent for, and he and the Sowerberrys lock Oliver in a coffin, but during all the commotion Oliver escapes and runs away to London. On his first day there, he meets the Artful Dodger, a boy wearing an oversize coat and a top hat.He and the company then welcome him with (Consider Yourself). Dodger is, unknown to Oliver, a boy pickpocket, and he invites Oliver to come and live in Fagin's lair. Fagin is a criminal, and he is in the business of teaching young boys to pick pockets. Oliver, however, is completely unaware of any criminality, and believes that the boys make handkerchiefs rather than steal them. Oliver is introduced to Fagin and all the other boy pickpockets, and is taught their ways in (You've got to Pick a Pocket or Two).

The next day, Oliver meets Nancy, the live-in girlfriend of the evil, terrifying Bill Sikes, a burglar whose abuse she endures because she loves him. Nancy and Oliver take an instant liking to each other, and Nancy shows motherly affection toward him. Bet, Nancy's younger sister (merely her best friend in the 1968 film and in Dickens' novel), is also with her. Nancy, along with Bet and the boys, sing about how they don't mind a bit of danger in (It's a Fine Life). Dodger, jealous of Oliver getting all of Nancy's attention, starts off (I'd Do Anything) along with Fagin, Oliver, Nancy, Bet, and the boys mocking high society. Nancy and Bet leave and Oliver is sent out with the other boys on his first pickpocketing job (Be Back Soon), though he still believes that they are going to teach him how to make handkerchiefs. The Dodger, another boy pickpocket named Charley Bates, and Oliver decide to stick together, and when Dodger and Charley rob Mr. Brownlow, a wealthy old man, they run off, leaving the shocked Oliver, who now realizes that his new friends are pickpockets, to be blamed for looking guilty. Brownlow thinks that Oliver is the thief, but Oliver is cleared in court (offstage). To make up for his error, the wealthy Brownlow takes Oliver to live with him, noticing something vaguely familiar about him.

Act II

In the evening the bar is full of people having a good time and Nancy is called upon to sing an old tavern song (Oom Pah Pah). Bill Sikes enters and sings (My Name), and gets the crowd to leave. Dodger runs in and tells Fagin about Oliver being captured. Fagin and Bill decide that they have to kidnap Oliver to keep them from revealing their whereabouts and secrets. Nancy is asked to participate, but feeling sorry for the boy and wishing him to have a better life if he has the chance - refuses, until Bill slaps her around. She tries to convince herself that he really loves her and expresses her feeling for him in (As Long As He Needs Me).

Meanwhile the next morning, at Mr. Brownlow's house, Ms. Bedwin, the housekeeper, sings Oliver a reprise of (Where is Love?) and as he wakes up they take notice of the street vendors outside in the song (Who Will Buy?). Mr. Brownlow and Dr. Grimwig discuss Oliver's condition. They come to the conclusion that he is fine and that he can return some books to the bookseller for Mr. Brownlow. The Vendors continue to sing (Who Will Buy) and at the very end, Nancy and Bill show up and grab Oliver. They bring him back to Fagin's, where Nancy saves Oliver from a beating from Sikes after the boy tries to flee but is stopped. Nancy angrily and remorsefully reviews what their "Fine Life" has come to in (A Fine Life (reprise)). When Sikes and Nancy leave, Fagin ponders his future in the humorous song (Reviewing the Situation), in which, every time he thinks of a good reason for going straight, he reconsiders and decides to remain a criminal.

Back at the workhouse, Mr. Bumble and the Widow Corney, now unhappily married, meet up with the dying pauper Old Sally and another old lady, who tell them of how Oliver's mother came to the workhouse to have her baby and gave her a gold locket after the birth, inferring she came from a rich family. The mother then died. Mr Bumble and Widow Corney, realizing that Oliver may have wealthy relatives, visit Mr. Brownlow in order to profit from any reward given out for information of him (Oliver! (reprise)). He throws them out, knowing that they have suppressed evidence until they could get a reward for it. Brownlow looks at the picture inside the locket, a picture of his daughter, and realizes that Oliver, who knows nothing of his family history, is actually his grandson. (Oliver's mother had disappeared after having been left pregnant by her lover, who jilted her.)

Nancy, terrified for Oliver and feeling guilty, visits Brownlow and promises to deliver Oliver to him safely that night at midnight on London Bridge - if Brownlow does not bring the police or ask any questions. She then ponders again about Bill in (As Long As He Needs Me (reprise)).Bill suspects that Nancy is up to something. That night, he follows her as she sneaks Oliver out. At London Bridge, he confronts them, knocks Oliver temporarily unconscious, and brutally clubs Nancy to death (in some stagings of the show, he strangles her, but the musical's original libretto follows Dickens's original novel in having her beaten to death). He then grabs Oliver, who has since revived, and runs offstage with him, presumably back to the hideout to ask Fagin for getaway money. Mr. Brownlow, who had been late keeping the appointment, arrives and discovers Nancy's body. A large crowd soon forms, among them the distraught Bet. Bullseye, Bill's fierce terrier, returns to the scene of the crime and the crowd prepares to follow him to the hideout. After they exit Fagin and his boys, terrified at the idea of being apprehended, leave their hideout in panic. Not finding Bill at the hideout, the anxious crowd, now whipped up into a thirst for justice, returns to the Thames Embankment, when suddenly Bill appears at the top of the bridge, holding Oliver as hostage and threatening to kill him if the crowd tries to take him. Unseen by Bill, two policemen sneak up on him. One of them shoots Bill to death and the other grabs Oliver as Bill releases him. Oliver is then reunited with Mr. Brownlow.

After the crowd disperses, Fagin re-enters, making sure not to be seen by anyone, and sings a reprise of Reviewing the Situation. All of the cast re-enter for curtain calls, singing a medley of Food Glorious Food and Consider Yourself, and then the fourth wall of drama is broken, as the actress playing the supposed-to-be dead Nancy re-enters very much alive, and Oliver, joined by the rest of the cast, once more sings to her I'd Do Anything.

The film

Main article: Oliver! (film)

In 1968, the musical was made into a film, using a mixture of young unknowns and 'big names': Ron Moody (Fagin), Oliver Reed (Bill Sikes), Harry Secombe (Mr Bumble), Mark Lester (Oliver), Jack Wild (The Artful Dodger), Shani Wallis (Nancy) and Joseph O'Conor as Mr Brownlow. There was a minor outcry when Shani Wallis was given the role of Nancy in preference to Georgia Brown.

The motion picture received mostly excellent reviews. It was hailed by Pauline Kael in her New Yorker review as being one of the few film versions of a stage musical that was superior to the original show. Despite the fact that there were many happy singing and dancing sequences, the gloomy flavor of Dickens' "Oliver Twist" was maintained by making the second half of the film intensely dramatic, with fewer songs in the second half than in the first. The film featured elaborate choreography by Onna White, which was not one of the features of the original show.

The film changed some aspects of the musical's plotline.

• Oliver's trial and exoneration after being arrested for stealing Brownlow's wallet were shown, with Nancy secretly attending it. Nearly all of the dialogue in this sequence was taken directly from Dickens's novel. The magistrate Mr. Fang, who does not appear in the stage musical, was added to the film, identified simply as "The Magistrate" , and portrayed by Hugh Griffith in a cameo appearance. The magistrate, rather than being depicted viciously, as in Dickens's novel, was played with a humorous touch as a harsh but incompetent drunkard who is scarcely aware of the goings-on inside the courtroom.

• Sikes was introduced into the story much earlier, and Oliver, rather than being unconscious while Sikes kills Nancy, is a helpless and terrified witness to her murder (which, in the film, was made unusually dramatic for what was supposed to be a family musical).

• Sikes's final attempt to escape did not take place at London Bridge, but on the rooftops of London, as the crowd below watched while Sikes forced Oliver to balance himself on a dangerously thin wooden hoist and loop a rope around it so that Sikes could swing from one rooftop to another.

• The so-called "fourth wall" finale, in which all the characters sang a medley of three of the songs, was completely eliminated so as to not destroy the impact of the final scenes, although Fagin and the Artful Dodger are last seen humorously reprising Reviewing the Situation (with additional lyrics written for the film), and dancing off happily to continue their life of crime. The closing credits are seen against a replay of part of the Consider Yourself sequence, in which we see the chorus singing and dancing.

It won Academy Awards for Best Art Direction-Set Decoration, Best Director, Best Music, Score of a Musical Picture (Original or Adaptation), Best Picture and Best Sound. It was nominated for Best Actor in a Leading Role (Ron Moody), Best Actor in a Supporting Role (Jack Wild), Best Cinematography, Best Costume Design, Best Film Editing and Best Writing, Screenplay Based on Material from Another Medium.

1994 revival

In 1994, Oliver! was revived for the London stage with some additional music and lyrics by Lionel Bart. It was directed by Sam Mendes, and featured Jonathan Pryce as Fagin, Sally Dexter as Nancy, James Villiers (Mr Brownlow) and Miles Anderson as Bill Sikes. Later on in the run of this production future pop stars Jon Lee (who would later rise to fame as a member of the successful pop group, "S Club 7") and Tom Fletcher (who would later become a member of "McFly") played the title role.

Australian Tour

The Australian tour was a successful trip through Sydney, Melbourne, and Singapore from 2002 - 2004. John Waters (actor), not to be confused with John Waters (filmmaker), portrayed Fagin, Tamsin Carroll was Nancy, and the production also featured Stuart Wagstaff and Steve Bastoni. Although the musical was a success it was the child cast who made the show. Keegan Joyce was the new and upcoming star who played Oliver. According to reviews he, with a 'suitably demure voice', stole the hearts of the audience. The role of Oliver was also rotated with Maddison Orr whose equally magnificent performance in the role was amazing considering that he was much younger than Joyce. Joyce went on to tour the Show in Melbourne and Singapore becoming the Longest Serving Oliver in the history of the musical. The role of the Artful Dodger was shared between Matthew Waters (Round the Twist) and Tim Matthews, who was the youngest actor to ever play the Artful Dodger at just 10 years old. Both of the children's casts were highly praised in what were very demanding roles.

he:אוליבר! ja:オリバー! ru:Оливер (фильм) simple:Oliver!

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