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The Northern Ireland Assembly (Irish: Tionól Thuaisceart Éireann, Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann Semmlie) is the devolved legislature of Northern Ireland. The latest incarnation of the Assembly was established under the terms of the Good Friday Agreement of 1998 and is currently awaiting nomination of an executive. The Assembly is a unicameral body consisting of 108 members (MLAs) elected under the single transferable vote form of proportional representation. The Agreement is an accord aimed at bringing an end to Northern Ireland's violent 30 year Troubles. The Assembly is based on the principle of power-sharing, in order to ensure that both communities in Northern Ireland, unionist and nationalist, participate in governing the region. When fully operational, it has power to legislate in a wide range of areas that are not explicitly reserved to the UK Parliament, and to elect the Northern Ireland Executive (government). It sits at Parliament Buildings at Stormont in Belfast.
HistoryAttempts to restore devolution to Northern Ireland, on the basis of power-sharing, have been pursued since 1973. From 1921 to March 30, 1972 Northern Ireland was governed under majority unionist rule by the Parliament of Northern Ireland, an earlier devolved legislature. Shortly after this first parliament was abolished, attempts began to restore devolution on a new basis that would see power shared between nationalists and unionists. To this end a second, short-lived parliament called, like its modern successor, the Northern Ireland Assembly was established in 1973. However this body was brought down by opposition from hardline unionists and republicans and was abolished in 1974. In 1982 another Northern Ireland Assembly was established at Stormont, initially as a scrutinising body for the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland although it received little support from nationalists and was officially dissolved in 1986. The modern Northern Ireland Assembly was first elected on 25 June 1998 and first met on 1 July of that year but existed only in "shadow" form until the 2 December 1999 when full powers were devolved to the Assembly. Since then the Assembly has operated only intermittently and has been suspended on four occasions:
Attempts to secure its operation on a permanent basis have been frustrated by disagreements between the two main unionist parties (the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) and Ulster Unionist Party (UUP)) and Sinn Féin, the largest nationalist party, which is widely perceived to be the political wing of the Provisional IRA. This accusation is considered by some as being politically motivated to discredit Sinn Féin. Unionists have refused to participate in the Good Friday Agreement's institutions alongside Sinn Féin until they are assured that the IRA will discontinue all of its activities, decommission its arms and disband. SuspensionThe most recent suspension occurred after unionists started to walk out of its power-sharing Executive after Sinn Féin's offices at Stormont had been raided by the police investigating alleged intelligence gathering on behalf of the IRA by members of the party's support staff. The assembly, already suspended, dissolved on 28 April, 2003 as scheduled, but the elections due the following month were postponed by the UK government and were not held until November that year. Lord Alderdice has served as the only regular Speaker of the Assembly thus far, although he has retired to serve as part of the current Independent Monitoring Commission that supervises paramilitary ceasefires. On 8 December 2005, three Belfast men at the centre of the alleged IRA spying incident at ‘Stormontgate’ were acquitted of all charges. The prosecution offered no evidence "in the public interest." Afterwards, Denis Donaldson, one of those arrested, said that the "charges should never have been brought" as the police action was "political." On 17 December 2005, Donaldson publicly confirmed that he had been a spy for British intelligence since the early 1980s. [1] Mr Donaldson was murdered on April 4, 2006. "The Assembly" and "the Transitional Assembly""The Assembly established under the Northern Ireland Act 2006"The Northern Ireland Assembly remains suspended, but the persons elected to it at the 2003 Assembly Election were called together on 15 May, 2006 under the Northern Ireland Act 2006 to meet in an assembly to be known as "the Assembly"[1] (or fully "the Assembly established under the Northern Ireland Act 2006") for the purpose of electing a First Minister and Deputy First Minister and choosing the members of an Executive (before 25 November, 2006) as a preliminary to the restoration of devolved government. On 22 May 2006 Ian Paisley refused Sinn Féin's nomination to be First Minister. Eileen Bell has been appointed by the Secretary of State to be the Speaker of the Assembly with Francie Molloy and Jim Wells acting as deputies. [2] The Northern Ireland (St Andrews Agreement) Act 2006 repealed the Northern Ireland Act 2006 and thus disbanded "the Assembly". "The Transitional Assembly"The Northern Ireland (St Andrews Agreement) Act 2006 provides for a "Transitional Assembly" (or fully "the Transitional Assembly established under the Northern Ireland (St Andrews Agreement) Act 2006") to take part in preparations for the restoration of devolved government in Northern Ireland. A person who is a member of the Northern Ireland Assembly is also a member of the Transitional Assembly. Eileen Bell Is Speaker of the new Transitional Assembly and Francie Molloy and Jim Wells continue as deputies. The Transitional Assembly first met on 24 November 2006, when the proceedings was suspended due to a bomb threat by Michael Stone. It was dissolved on January 30 2007 when campaigning for the upcoming Northern Ireland Assembly elections started. An election to the then-suspended Northern Ireland Assembly was held on March 7 2007. Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, Peter Hain signed a restoration order at lunchtime on 25 March 2007 allowing for the restoration of devolution at midnight on the following day.[2] CompositionThe Assembly's composition and powers are laid down in the Northern Ireland Act 1998. The Assembly's 108 members are elected from 18 six-member constituencies on the basis of universal adult suffrage. The constituencies used are the same as those used for elections to the Westminster Parliament. The 1998 Act provides that, unless the Assembly is dissolved early, elections should occur once in every five years on the first Thursday in May. However the second election to the Assembly was delayed by the UK government until 23 November 2003. The Assembly is dissolved shortly before the holding of elections on a day chosen by the Secretary of State, the British minister with responsibility for Northern Ireland. After the holding of elections the Assembly must meet within eight days. The Assembly can vote to dissolve itself early by a two-thirds majority of the total number of its members. It is also automatically dissolved if it is unable to elect a First Minister and Deputy First Minister within six weeks of its first meeting or of those positions becoming vacant. Members of the Assembly are known as MLAs or "Members of the Legislative Assembly". The three elections held to the Assembly so far were the:
The Northern Ireland has two primary mechanisms to guarantee power-sharing. The first is the manner in which ministers are appointed to the Northern Ireland Executive. These are not nominated by a simple majority vote. Rather all parties with a significant number of seats are entitled to at least one minister, and ministerial portfolios are divided among the parties in proportion to their strength in the Assembly, through a method known as the D'Hondt system. The second power-sharing mechanism is the requirement that certain resolutions must receive "cross community support", or the support of a minimum number of MLAs from both communities, to be passed by the Assembly. Every MLA is officially designated as either "nationalist", "Unionist" or "non-aligned". The election of the First and Deputy First Ministers, the election of the Speaker and Deputy Speakers, any changes to the standing orders and the adoption of certain money bills must all occur with cross-community support. The election of the First and Deputy First Ministers must occur by parallel consent but in all other cases either form of cross community support is acceptable. In addition to votes on these subjects any vote taken by the Assembly can be made dependent on cross-community support if at least thirty MLAs present the Speaker with a "petition of concern" before the vote is taken. This means, in effect, that, provided enough MLAs from a given community agree, each of the two communities represented in the Assembly can exercise a veto over its decisions. Each MLA is free to designate themselves as "nationalist", "unionist" or "other" as they see fit, the only requirement being that no member may change their designation more than once during an Assembly session. The power-sharing system thus depends on the honesty of its participants. The system has been criticised by some, in particular the cross-community Alliance Party, as entrenching sectarian divisions. Alliance favours a change that would involve an end to official designations of identity and the taking of important votes on the basis of an ordinary super-majority. A particular bone of contention for them is that members designated as "other" have less say in the election of the First Minister and Deputy First Minister, as it is decided by parallel consent. Powers and functionsThe Assembly has both legislative powers and responsibility for electing the Northern Ireland Executive. The First and Deputy First Ministers are elected on a cross-community vote. However the remaining ministers are not elected but rather chosen by the nominating officers of each party, each party being entitled to a share of ministerial positions roughly proportionate to its share of seats in the Assembly. The Assembly has authority to legislate in a field of competences known as "transferred matters". These matters are not explicitly enumerated in the Northern Ireland Act 1998. Rather they include any competence not explicitly retained by the Parliament at Westminster. Powers reserved by Westminster are divided into "excepted matters", which it retains indefinitely, and "reserved matters", which may be transferred to the competence of the Northern Ireland Assembly at a future date. An incomplete list of "transferred", "reserved" and "excepted" matters is given below. While the Assembly is in suspension its legislative powers are exercised by the UK government which effectively has power to legislate by decree. Laws that would normally be within the competence of the Assembly are passed by the UK government in the form of Orders-in-Council rather than legislative acts. Unlike laws enacted by the Westminster Parliament, Acts of the Northern Ireland Assembly are subject to judicial review. A law can be struck down if it is found to exceed the competences of the Assembly but also if it violates European Union law or the European Convention on Human Rights, or if it is found to discriminate against individuals on the grounds of political opinion or religious belief. Although the British monarch is not formally a component of the Assembly (as is the case at Westminster), all bills passed by the Assembly must receive the Royal Assent in order to become law. This is not a mere formality; if he or she believes that a bill violates the constitutional limitations on the powers of the Assembly the Secretary of State will refuse to submit the bill to the monarch for Assent. If submitted by the Secretary of State, the monarch will, by convention, sign a bill into law. Acts of the Northern Ireland Assembly begin with the enacting formula: "BE IT ENACTED by being passed by the Northern Ireland Assembly and assented to by Her Majesty as follows:". Transferred matters
Reserved matters
Excepted matters
OrganisationThe Assembly is chaired by the Speaker and three Deputy Speakers. In the Assembly the Speaker and ten other members constitute a quorum. The Assembly Commission is the body corporate of the Assembly. It ensures that the Assembly has the property, staff and services it needs to carry out its work. Legal proceedings taken for or against the Assembly are taken for or against the Commission on behalf of the Assembly. When not suspended the Assembly has a number of statutory committees each of which is charged with scrutinising the activities of a particular ministerial department. It also has a number of permanent standing committees and temporary ad hoc committees. The chairs and deputy chairs of the committees are chosen by party nominating officers under a procedure similar to that used to appoint members of the Executive. Ordinary committee members are not appointed under this procedure but the Standing Orders require that the share of members of each party on a committee should be roughly proportionate to its share of seats in the Assembly. Committees of the Assembly take decisions by a simple majority vote. The following were the statutory and standing committees of the Assembly at the time of its suspension in 2002: Departmental committees
Standing committees
References
See also
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