Neo-romanticism

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See also: Neoromanticism (music) or New Romantic (British pop music)

The term neo-romanticism is used to cover a variety of movements in music and painting. It has been used with reference to very late 19th century and early 20th century composers such as Gustav Mahler particularly by Dalhaus who uses it as synonymous with late Romanticism. It has been applied to contemporary composers who rejected or abandoned the use of the devices of avant-garde modernism.

1 Late 19th century and early 20th century
2 In Britain
- 2.1 1880-to-1910:
- 2.2 1930-1955
- 2.3 1955-1975
- 2.4 1975-present
3 In Estonia
4 In Europe
5 In Russia & Eastern Europe
6 In the USA
7 In popular culture
8 Further reading
9 See also

Late 19th century and early 20th century

It is considered in opposition to naturalism. The naturalist in art stresses external observation, whereas the neo-romantic adds feeling and internal observation. These artists tend to draw their inspiration from artists of the age of high romanticism, and from the sense of place they perceive in historic rural landscapes; and in this they react in general to the 'ugly' modern world of machines, new cities, and profit. Characteristic themes include longing for perfect love, utopian landscapes, nature reclaiming ruins, romantic death, and history-in-landscape. Neo-romanticism is often accused by critics of being too insular, too interested in figurative painting and beauty, too fond of intuition, too distrustful of ideological & theoretical ways of comprehending art, and too in love with the past and the idealised / spiritual / haunted landscape. A more persuasive criticism is that neo-romanticism lacks an adequate conception of evil in the modern world.

Neo-romanticism tended to shed somewhat the emphasis of Romanticism on 'the hero' and romantic nationalism. This was particularly so in the decades after both of the world wars.

Image:Flying-Dutchman.jpg

Neo-romanticism sample,
by George Grie

In Britain

1880-to-1910:

Neo-romanticism emerged strongly in the period from about 1880 to about 1910, in Britain.

See:

Lewis Carroll
John Ruskin
Edward Elgar
Gerard Manley Hopkins
Vaughan Williams
The Aesthetic movement and the Arts & Crafts Movement
William Morris
Symbolism
W.B. Yeats
Rudyard Kipling
A.E. Housman
Neo-gothic architecture
Some modes of pictorialism in photography.

1930-1955

In the 1920s, artists such as F.L. Griggs had begun to re-evaluate and re-discover the works of their Romantic forebears; from the visionary work of Samuel Palmer and William Blake via high Romanticism, to the neo-romanticism that flowered between 1880 and 1910. This led to a further re-flowering - in the Depression and war years between 1930 and 1955 - and this can be seen in the work of: artists such as John Piper; John Tunnard, David Jones; Graham Sutherland; John Craxton; John Minton; Stanley Spencer; Eric Ravilious; writers such as John Cowper Powys; J.R.R. Tolkien; Mervyn Peake; C.S. Lewis; Arthur Machen; T.H. White; Dylan Thomas; Geoffrey Grigson; and Herbert Read; film-makers such as Humphrey Jennings; Powell and Pressburger (e.g.: A Canterbury Tale, 1944 and Gone to Earth, 1950); and photographers such as Edwin Smith; Roger Mayne; and John Deakin. Many working in this vein benefited from efforts to record the English home front during World War II, proving able to provide a timely and useful romantic vision of the national heritage at a time of war.

1955-1975

Neo-romanticism suffered neglect in the art world, when the strong waves of state-sponsored abstract expressionism and Warhol-ian pop art swept in from the USA from the 1950s to the 1970s. But as major ecological awareness and 'back to the land' movements began in the mid to late 1970s; then the work of the neo-romantics began to be, once again, re-discovered and re-evaluated, often through the work of magazines such as Resurgence. Before this it survived most strongly in British poetry, for example in the growing posthumous reputation of Dylan Thomas, in the work of Vernon Watkins, Laurie Lee, and the celebratory poems of Ted Hughes. One can also see neo-romanticism emerging in the serious science fiction and fantasy writing of the period. Benjamin Britten might be noted in this period; given his strong attraction to supernatural themes, folk music and the use of 'the innocent boy' as a motif.

1975-present

Neo-romanticism continues, to this day, as a viable current in the English underground: notable artists being Alan Reynolds, Graham Ovenden and the Ruralists; Christopher Bucklow; Robert Lenkiewicz; Andrew Logan; and Ian Hamilton Finlay; photographers as Simon Marsden; the writers Angela Carter; Russell Hoban; Ted Hughes; Pauline Stainer; and Peter Ackroyd. It is also strongly present in the early super-8 and later personal films of Derek Jarman (e.g. The Garden, The Angelic Conversation). In serious popular music, one might cite Virginia Astley (From Gardens Where We Feel Secure); John Foxx (Systems of Romance and The Garden); and some have seen the early eccentric songs of Brian Eno (such as "Julie With…" and "St Elmo's Fire"), and even his later sound-scapes, as neo-romantic in nature.

Neo-romanticism can be noted also as a strong current in British children's literature of the 1970s and 80s (e.g.: Alan Garner).

It is also a current in post-1945 British photography: Fay Godwin; James Ravilious; Raymond Moore and Andy Goldsworthy being a few notable names.

In Estonia

In Europe

Symbolism (pan-European)
Odysseus Elytis (Greece)
Bernard Faucon (France)
Balthus (France/Switzerland)
Sigurdur Nordal (Iceland)
Vicente Aleixandre (Spain)
Anton Bruckner (Austria)
Knut Hamsun (Norway)
Wandervogel (Germany)
Modernisme (Catalonia)

The aesthetic philosophy of Arthur Schopenhauer has contributed greatly to neo-romantic thinking, especially in Europe.

In Russia & Eastern Europe

In the USA

George Sylvester Viereck
Imagists
Maxfield Parrish
Allen Ginsberg and the beat poets
Minor White's photography
Joseph Cornell
John Crowley (the novel Little, Big)
Guy Davenport's Fourier-ist short stories
Justine Kurland's photography
Hakim Bey's Temporary Autonomous Zone and his essay Summer Land
Jim Morrison

Much of the primarily U.S. sculptural art movement called earth art or environment art - from large-scale earth-moving to ephemeral works made from leaves & moss - echoes the neo-romantic call to re-enchant the landscape.

In popular culture

Main article: New Romantic

A Gothic-tinged variety of neo-romanticism abounds in modern popular culture, often aimed at youths. A focal point of that phenomenon is in England and Germany. Some of the examples would be: fantasy Role playing games (e.g.: Dungeons & Dragons); 1970s progressive rock (e.g.: Marc Bolan), Gothic Metal (e.g.: Sirenia) and contemporary heavy rock (e.g.: DragonForce). Within the goth subculture, bands such as Deine Lakaien or Dead Can Dance and in addition visual artists as Viona Ielegems or Gerald Brom.