Model (person)

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A model is a person who poses or displays for purposes of art, fashion, or other products and advertising.

Modeling is distinguished from other types of public performance, such as an acting, dancing or mime artistry, although the boundary is not well defined. Appearing in a movie or a play is generally not considered to be modeling, regardless of the nature of the role. However, many models have also described themselves as actors. The models have to express an emotion and feeling in their photographs. Types of models include glamour, fashion, fitness, bikini, fine-art, and body-part models.

Contents 1 High fashion 1.1 Supermodels 1.2 History of fashion models 1.3 Controversy 1.3.1 Criticism of fashion models 1.3.2 Race issue 2 Glamour models 3 Fitness models 4 Bikini models 5 Fine art models 6 Alternative models 7 Body part models 8 Notes 9 See also

High fashion

Fashion models are used mainly to promote apparel.

Fashion Modeling generally can be divided into the following sub-categories [2] • fashion runway modeling • fashion editorial modeling • fashion catalog modeling • fashion print modeling • fashion show room modeling • fashion lingerie modeling • fashion bathing suit modeling • fashion fitness modeling • fashion fit modeling • plus size modeling; Commercial Print Modeling • commercial product modeling • commercial lifestyle modeling • commercial corporate modeling • product demo (promotional modeling) • trade show modeling • sports/athletically proficient/fitness • hobby modeling • alternative modeling • warm body modeling; Stock Photography also falls into the category of Commercial Print; Character Modeling • Print Ad Character Modeling • Television Commercials Child Modeling; Body Part Modeling; Glamor Modeling • Swim Suit Modeling • Lingerie Modeling • Glamor Nude Modeling • Adult and Mature Content Modeling Art Modeling; • Fine Art • Artistic Nude • Fine Art Nude

The Association of Model Agents (AMA) says that female models should be around 34-24-34 inches (86-61-86 cm) and at least five feet eight inches (1.72 m) tall and 108 pounds on average. Currently, the height required to do fashion shows has increased. During the last fashion shows in Europe, the average height was 1.79 m (5' 10"), the average weight was 50 kg (110 lb), with bust between 85 to 90 cm (33.5 to 35.4 inches), waist under 62 cm (24.4 inches), and hips under 90 cm (35.4 inches), to fit the 34/36 size of haute Couture prototypes.^[1] Average dimensions for a male model are a height of 180-187 cm (5 ft 11 in- 6'2") and a weight of 64-75 kg (140-165 lb). Male models are also toned and fit as opposed to bulging with muscle.^[2]

Supermodels

Further information: Supermodel

Supermodels are highly paid, top fashion models. These (usually female) celebrities appear on top fashion magazine covers, in catalogues and in fashion shows.

The first model to pave the way for what would become the supermodel was Lisa Fonssagrives.^[3] The relationship between her image on over 200 Vogue covers and her name recognition led to the future importance of Vogue in shaping future supermodels. Fonssagrives at the height of her career could be both sophisticated and yet a kook, with which every American woman could identify. Her image appeared on cover of every fashion magazine during the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s from Town & Country, Life and Vogue to the original Vanity Fair. Model Janice Dickinson, however, asserts that she was the person for which the term was coined.

Other notable supermodels have included Twiggy, Iman Abdulmajid, Gia Carangi, Beverly Johnson, Anna Bayle, Christie Brinkley, Christy Turlington, Naomi Campbell, Cindy Crawford, Linda Evangelista, Kirsty Hume, Karen Mulder, Tatiana Patitz, Yasmeen Ghauri, Elle Macpherson, Kate Moss, Beverly Peele, Claudia Schiffer, Nikki Taylor, Nadja Auermann, Shalom Harlow, Amber Valleta, Carolyn Murphy, Tyra Banks, Gisele Bündchen, Heidi Klum, Karolina Kurkova, Carol Alt, Jessica Stam,and Adriana Lima.

Notable male models include Marcus Schenkenberg, Joel West, Andrew Stetson, Massimiliano Neri, Mark Vanderloo, Alex Lundqvist, Tyson Beckford, Loomis McMenamin, Michael Bergin, and Will Chalker.

History of fashion models

The first true fashion model is generally believed to be Parisian shopgirl, Marie Vernet Worth. She became the first professional mannequin in 1853, to help her fashion designer husband, Charles Frederick Worth.^[4]

Controversy

Criticism of fashion models

See also Size zero.

The unusually thin shape of fashion models has been criticized for allegedly warping girls' body image and encouraging eating disorders.^[5] Organizers of a fashion show in Madrid in September 2006 turned away models who were judged to be underweight by medics who were on hand.^[6] In February 2007, six months after her model sister died, Uruguaian model Eliana Ramos became the sixth international model to die of malnutrition.^[7] Ramos died of heart failure caused by anorexia.

Race issue

The modelling business has always been dominated by Caucasian faces. On Fall/Winter 2007 fashion shows, there was barely an African American or Asian face on the catwalks. During the whole of Milan fashion week, there were only two African American models and two Asian models, they were the same four in New York. Black or Asian model was used either in a streetwear show, such as Babyphat in New York, or as a form of what the London-based Nigerian designer Duro Olowu calls "tokenism - you know, just the one black girl, and she's usually wearing the crazy printed dress". Olowu also stated, "The fault lies with the designers - their ignorance and their racism. Yes, it's true that a lot of agencies don't bother sending non-white models - my casting agent told me that I'm the only one who asks specifically for non-white models - but things will only change if the designers take a stand and ask for them."^[8]

Glamour models

Glamour photography emphasizes the model rather than products, fashion or environment. Typically the sexuality of the model is emphasized in glamour photography, while in fashion photography the emphasis is on the clothes.

Early glamour modeling is often associated with "French postcards", small post card sized images that sold by street vendors in France. The early 1900’s the pinup became popular. Pinups depicted scantily dressed women often in a playful pose seemingly surprised or startled by the viewer. The model would usually have an expression of delight which seemed to invite the viewer to come and play. Betty Grable was one of the most famous pinup models of all time, her pinup in a bathing suit was extremely popular amongst World War II soldiers. In December of 1953 Marilyn Monroe was featured in the first issue of Playboy magazine. Playboy became the first magazine which featured nude glamour photography and was targeted to the mainstream consumer. Glamour models became popular in the early 90s with the Hope Talmons and Dita Von Teese that created a gateway into the modern neo models like Heidi Van Horn and Bernie Dexter.

Fitness models

Fitness modeling centers on displaying an athletic and healthy physique. Fitness models resemble bodybuilders, but with less emphasis on muscle size. Their body weight is usually similar to (or slightly heavier than) fashion models, but they have a lower body fat percentage due to increased muscle mass relative to fat mass. They are usually muscular.

Bikini models

Bikini models are similar to fitness models with emphasis on a fit physique and the beauty of the female curves. Bikini models are usually curvaceous and fit.

Fine art models

Photographers, painters, sculptors, and other artists hire models to pose for their art.

Alternative models

Any model that does not fit into the normal category. Punk, Goth, Fetish, Tattooed, or having a uniqueness outside other model types. These mix with high fashion and art models.

See the main article Model (art) [Fetish_model]

models are about artifacts like physical models

Body part models

Some modeling agencies have divisions which represent male and female models with particularly attractive body parts. For example, hand models may be used to promote nail care products, leg models are useful for showcasing tights, and wrist models are used to showcase watches or bracelets.

Notes

1. ^ Presque Top Model Oct 06
2. ^ [1]
3. ^ Rosemary Ranck, "The First Supermodel", The New York Times February 9, 1997 (online) retrieved September 24, 2006
4. ^ First Supermodels
5. ^ USA Today: Do thin models warp girls' body image?
6. ^ CNN: Skinny models banned from catwalk
7. ^ Ban on stick-think models illegal, Jennifer Melocco, The Daily Telegraph, February 16, 2007.
8. ^ Why are all the models white?source: The Guardian Retrieved October 7, 2007.

See also

• Cover girl
• Figure drawing
• Model (art)
• Photography
• Supermodel
• Plus-size model
• Hip hop model

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