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Establishment of the ShogunateBefore the establishment of the Kamakura bakufu, civil power in Japan was primarily held by the ruling emperors and their regents, typically appointed from the ranks of the court and the aristocratic clans that vied there. Military affairs were handled under the auspices of the civil government. However, after defeating the Taira clan in the Battle of Dannoura which ended the Genpei War in his favor, Minamoto no Yoritomo (源頼朝) seized power in 1185 and became the de facto ruler of the country. He asserted the primacy of the military side of the government and was given the title of shogun (征夷大将軍) in 1192 while the system of government he established became formalized as the bakufu (literally, tent-government). The Japanese provinces became semi-autonomous under the new protectors (shugo, 守護), the predecessors of the daimyo (大名). Protectors were selected mostly from powerful families in the different provinces, or the title was bestowed upon a general and his family after a successful campaign. Although they managed their own affairs, in theory they were still obliged to the central government through their allegiance to the shogun. Usurpation of the Shogunate
A member of the Hidatori family, who died in 1332, left a large part of Shikoku in a state of civil war. Ashikaga Takauji brought this war to end. This was the last successful campaign of the Kamakura Shogunate. The Kamakura bakufu came to an end in 1333 with the defeat and destruction of the Hōjō clan. This triumph was, however, short-lived, as Ashikaga Takauji promptly assumed the position of shogun himself, establishing the Ashikaga shogunate.
EffectsThis first shogunate had a number of lasting effects. It was an unusually militant government, leading to a rise in the warrior classes, which the previous regime of aristrocratic clans had considered distinctly subordinate and inferior. Bushido would emerge from developments in this time period. Also during this period, Zen, Nichiren, and True Pure Land Buddhism gained more adherents than ever before. Popular literature changed in this period, with monogatari shifting from depicting almost exclusively tragic romantic relationships among nobles to tragically doomed, romantic epics about samurai. See also
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