John Smith of Jamestown

John Smith (1580-1631) was an English soldier, sailor, and author. He is remembered for his role in establishing the first permanent English settlement in North America at Jamestown, Virginia, and his brief association with the Native American girl Pocahontas during an altercation with the Powhatan Confederacy, and her father, Chief Powhatan. He was a leader of the Virginia Colony (based at Jamestown) between 1607 and 1609, and led much exploration along the rivers of Virginia and the Chesapeake Bay.

After Smith returned to England due to an injury in 1609, his books stimulated new public interest and investments in the Virginia Company of London, proprietor of the Colony. In 1614, Smith returned to the New World in a voyage to coasts of Maine and Massachusetts Bay, an area which he named New England. On his second attempted voyage to New England, he was captured by French pirates, but escaped after weeks of captivity and made his way back to England, where he spent the rest of his life writing books.

Often known as "Captain John Smith", he led an interesting life, and played a critical role in successfully interacting with the Native Americans. However, in his books, his boastful nature has made it difficult for historians to separate fact from fiction.

Early adventures

Smith was baptized in Willoughby Alford, Lincolnshire where his parents rented a farm from Lord Willoughby. He was educated at King Edward VI Grammar School, Louth. After his father died, Smith left home at age 16 and ran off to sea. He served as a mercenary in the army of King Henry IV of France against the Spaniards and later fought against the Ottoman Empire. Smith was promoted to captain while fighting for the Habsburgs in Hungary, in the campaign of Mihai Viteazul in 1600-1601. After the death of Mihai Viteazul, he fought for Radu Şerban in Wallachia against Ieremia Movilă, but, in 1602 he was wounded, captured and sold as a slave. Smith claimed the Turk sent him as a gift to his sweetheart, who fell in love with Smith and inadvertently helped him escape. Smith then traveled through Europe and Northern Africa, returning to England during 1604.

Virginia Colony

In 1606, Smith became involved with plans to colonize Virginia for profit by the Virginia Company of London, which had been granted a charter from King James I of England. The expedition set sail in three small ships on December 20, 1606.

John Smith was apparently a troublemaker on the voyage, and Captain Christopher Newport (in charge of the three ships) had planned to execute him upon arrival in Virginia. However, upon first landing at what is now Cape Henry on April 26, 1607, sealed orders from the Virginia Company were opened. They designated Smith to be one of the leaders of the new colony, forcing Newport to spare him. After searching for a suitable site, on May 14, 1607, the settlers landed at Jamestown.

Harsh weather, lack of water and attacks from Algonquian tribes of the Native Americans almost destroyed the colony. In December 1607, while seeking food along the Chickahominy River, Smith was captured and taken to meet the Chief Powhatan at Werowocomoco, the chief village of the Powhatan Confederacy on the north shore of the York River about 15 miles due north of Jamestown, and 25 miles downstream from where the river forms from the Pamunkey River and the Mattaponi River at West Point, Virginia. Although he feared for his life, Smith was eventually released without harm and later attributed this in part to the chief's daughter, Pocahontas, who, according to Smith, threw herself across his body^[1]: "at the minute of my execution, she hazarded [i.e. risked] the beating out of her own brains to save mine; and not only that, but so prevailed with her father, that I was safely conducted to Jamestown".^[2]

Smith's version of events is the only source, and since the 1860s, skepticism has increasingly been expressed about its veracity. One reason for such doubt is that despite having published two earlier books about Virginia, Smith's earliest surviving account of his rescue by Pocahontas dates from 1616, nearly 10 years later, in a letter entreating Queen Anne to treat Pocahontas with dignity ^[3]. The time gap in publishing his story raises the possibility that Smith may have exaggerated or invented the event to enhance Pocahontas' image. However, in a recent book, Lemay points out that Smith's earlier writing was primarily geographical and ethnographic in nature and did not dwell on his personal experiences, hence there was no reason for him to write down the story until this point.^[4]

Henry Brooks Adams, the preeminent Harvard historian of the second half of the 19th century debunked Smith’s claims of heroism. He said that Smith’s recounting of the story of Pocahontas had been progressively embellished, made up of “falsehoods of an effrontery seldom equaled in modern times.” Although there is general consensus among historians that Smith tended to exaggerate his account does seem to be consistent with the basic facts of his life. Adam’s attack on Smith was motivated by political considerations coming after the Civil War, an attempt to deface one of the icons of Southern history. Adams’ had been influenced to write his fusillade against Smith by John Palfrey who was promoting New England colonization over southern settlement as the founding of America. The accuracy of Smith’s accounts has continued to be a subject of debate over the centuries.^[5].

Some experts have suggested that, although Smith believed he had been rescued, he had in fact been involved in a ritual intended to symbolise his death and rebirth as a member of the tribe ^[6]. However, in Love and Hate in Jamestown, David A. Price notes that this is only guesswork, since little is known of Powhatan rituals, and there is no evidence for any similar rituals among other North American tribes (p. 243-4).

Whatever really happened, the encounter initiated a friendly relationship with Smith and the colonists at Jamestown. As the colonists expanded further, however, some of the Native Americans felt that their lands were threatened, and conflicts arose again.

In 1608, Pocahontas is said to have saved Smith a second time. Smith and some other colonists were invited to Werowocomoco by Chief Powhatan on friendly terms, but Pocahontas came to the hut where the English were staying and warned them that Powhatan was planning to kill them. Due to this warning, the English stayed on their guard, and the attack never came.^[7]

Later, Smith left Jamestown to explore the Chesapeake Bay region and search for badly-needed food, covering an estimated 3,000 miles.^[8] He was eventually elected president of the local council in September 1608 and instituted a policy of discipline, encouraging farming with a famous admonishment: "He who does not work, will not eat."

The settlement grew under his leadership. During this period, Smith took the chief of the neighboring tribe hostage and, according to Smith he did, "take this murdering Opechancanough...by the long lock of his head; and with my pistol at his breast, I led him {out of his house} amongst his greatest forces, and before we parted made him [agree to] fill our bark with twenty tons of corn."^{[citation needed]} A year later, full scale war broke out between the Powhatans and the Virginia colonists. Smith was seriously injured by a gunpowder burn after a rogue spark landed in his powder keg. It is not known whether the injury was an accident or a murder attempt. He returned to England for treatment in Oct. 1609, never to return to Virginia.

See also: Jamestown, Virginia

New England

In 1614, Smith returned to the New World in a voyage to coasts of Maine and Massachusetts Bay, and named the region "New England"^[9]. His second attempted voyage to the New England coast in 1615 was interrupted by his capture by French pirates off the Azores. Smith escaped after weeks of captivity and made his way back to England, where he published an account of his two voyages as A Description of New England. He never left England again, and spent the rest of his life writing books. He died in 1631 at age 51.

Publications

• A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Happened in Virginia (1608)
• A Map of Virginia (1612)
• The Proceedings of the English Colony in Virginia (1612)
• A Description of New England (1616)
• New England's Trials (1620, 1622)
• The General History of Virginia, New England, and the Summer Isles (1624)
• An Accidence, or the Pathway to Experience Necessary for all Young Seamen (1626)
• A Sea Grammar (1627)
• The True Travels, Adventures and Observations of Captain John Smith (1630)
• Advertisements for the Unexperienced Planters of New England, or Anywhere (1631)

John Smith in film

• John Smith is one of the main characters in Disney's 1995 film Pocahontas and its straight-to-video sequel Pocahontas II: Journey to a New World in which he is voiced by Mel Gibson in the first movie and his younger brother Donal Gibson in the sequel.

• Smith and Pocahontas are also central characters in the Terrence Malick film The New World, in which he is portrayed by Colin Farrell.

Notes

1. ^ Smith, Generall Historie
2. ^ Smith. Letter to Queen Anne.
3. ^ Smith. Letter to Queen Anne.
4. ^ Lemay. Did Pocahontas, p. 25. Lemay's other arguments in favour of Smith are summarised in Birchfield, 'Did Pocahontas'.
5. ^ Lepore, Jill, "The New Yorker", Ap. 2, 2007, p. 40-45
6. ^ Gleach, Powhatan's World, pp. 118-21.; Kupperman, Indians and English, pp. 114, 174.
7. ^ Symonds, Proceedings, pp. 251-2; Smith, Generall Historie, pp. 198-9, 259.
8. ^ These explorations have been commemorated in the Captain John Smith Chesapeake National Historic Trail, established in 2006.
9. ^ New England. (2006). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved June 20, 2006, from Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service: [1]

Further reading

• Philip L. Barbour, The Jamestown Voyages under the First Charter, 1606-1609, 2 vols., Publications of the Hakluyt Society, ser.2, 136-37 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1969)
• Philip L. Barbour, The Three Worlds of Captain John Smith (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1964)
• Gleach, Frederic W. Powhatan's World and Colonial Virginia. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1997.
• Dorothy Hoobler and Thomas Hoobler, Captain John Smith: Jamestown and the Birth of the American Dream (Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, 2006)
• Horn, James. A Land as God Made It: Jamestown and the Birth of America (New York: Basic Books, 2005)
• Kupperman, Karen Ordahl ed., John Smith: A Select Edition of His Writings (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988)
• Price, David A., Love and Hate in Jamestown: John Smith, Pocahontas, and the Heart of a New Nation (New York: Knopf, 2003)
• Lemay, J.A. Leo. Did Pocahontas Save Captain John Smith? Athens, Georgia: The University of Georgia Press, 1992, p. 25.
• John Smith, The Complete Works of Captain John Smith (1580-1631) in Three Volumes, edited by Philip L. Barbour, 3 vols. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press for The Institute of Early American History and Culture, Williamsburg, 1986)
• Smith, John. The Generall Historie of Virginia, New-England, and the Summer Isles. 1624. Repr. in Jamestown Narratives, ed. Edward Wright Haile. Champlain, VA: Roundhouse, 1998. pp. 198-9, 259.
• Smith, John. Letter to Queen Anne. 1616. Repr. as 'John Smith's Letter to Queen Anne regarding Pocahontas'. Caleb Johnson's Mayflower Web Pages. 1997. Accessed 23 April, 2006.
• Symonds, William. The Proceedings of the English Colonie in Virginia. 1612. Repr. in The Complete Works of Captain John Smith. Ed. Philip L. Barbour. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1986. Vol. 1, pp. 251-2
• Warner, Charles Dudley, Captain John Smith, 1881. Repr. in Captain John Smith Project Gutenberg Text, accessed 4 July, 2006

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