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Jazz rap
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Jazz rap is a fusion of alternative hip hop and jazz, developed in the very late 1980s and early 1990s. Known for intellectual, often socio-political or Afrocentric lyrics and jazz beats (sometimes performed by a live band, instead of sampled), jazz rap has not become a huge mainstream success; it instead sells primarily to a small specialized fan base.
Though some claim the proto-hip hop, jazzy poet Gil Scott-Heron the beginning of jazz rap, the genre arose in 1988 with the release of the debut singles by Gang Starr ("Words I Manifest", which samples Charlie Parker) and Stetsasonic ("Talkin' All That Jazz", which samples Lonnie Liston-Smith). One year later, Gang Starr's debut LP, No More Mr. Nice Guy and their work on the soundtrack to Mo' Better Blues, and De La Soul's debut 3 Feet High and Rising have proven remarkably influential in the genre's development. De La Soul's cohorts in the Native Tongues Posse also released important jazzy albums, including the Jungle Brothers' debut Straight Out the Jungle (1988, 1988 in music) and A Tribe Called Quest's debut, People's Instinctive Travels and the Paths of Rhythm (1990, 1990 in music).
A Tribe Called Quest's follow-up,
The Low End Theory (1991), included only a small amount of jazz, but the album was a critical success and is regarded as one of the most influential hip hop albums of the decade (it also included a stamp of approval from renowned jazz bassist
Ron Carter, who played upright on one track). Though jazz rap had achieved little mainstream success, jazz legend
Miles Davis' final album (released in 1992 posthumously),
Doo-Bop, was based around hip hop beats and collaborations with MC
Easy Mo Bee. Davis' renowned ex-bandmate
Herbie Hancock also returned to hip hop in the mid-nineties (after helping to kickstart the genre in the early '80s with his single
Rockit), releasing the album
Dis Is Da Drum. Another jazzman to dabble in hip hop beats was
Branford Marsalis, who collaborated with Gang Starr's
DJ Premier on his
Buckshot LeFonque project. Concurrently,
Digable Planets'
Reachin' (A New Refutation of Time and Space) was released to critical acclaim; it is often considered the first cohesive album of jazz rap. The work of
Freestyle Fellowship and
Aceyalone is a particularly notable development in fusing jazz with hip hop, building on the existing jazz-rap style by including jazz elements such as unusual
time signatures and
scat-influenced vocals.
Later in the decade and into the next millennium,
Guru's first
Jazzmatazz project, featuring live jazz musicians in the studio, is perhaps the most critically acclaimed jazz rap album yet: through its three volumes it assembled jazz greats like
Freddie Hubbard,
Donald Byrd,
Courtney Pine, Herbie Hancock, Kenny Garrett and Lonnie Liston Smith together with hip hop greats like
Kool Keith,
MC Solaar and Guru's Gangstarr colleague DJ Premier.
The Roots, a live band that includes MC
Black Thought, also achieved significant commercial success (though their jazz influence became less prominent as their career progressed), while
English alto saxophone player and MC
Soweto Kinch achieved notable critical success and moderate commercial success with his debut album
Conversations With The Unseen in 2003.
Notable artists and albums
- A Tribe Called Quest: People's Instinctive Travels and the Paths of Rhythm, Low End Theory, Midnight Marauders
- Aceyalone: All Balls Don't Bounce
- Beat Assailant: Hard Twelve
- Bop City: Hip Strut
- Buckshot LeFonque: Music: Evolution, Buckshot LeFonque
- Common: Resurrection
- Crown City Rockers: Earthtones
- Miles Davis: Doo-Bop
- Deda: The Original Baby Pa
- Digable Planets: Reachin' (A New Refutation Of Time & Space), Blowout Comb
- Dream Warriors: And Now, the Legacy Begins
- Freestyle Fellowship: To Whom It May Concern..., Innercity Griots
- Fun Lovin' Criminals: 100% Colombian
- Galactic: Ruckus (production by Dan Nakamura)
- Gang Starr: No More Mr. Nice Guy, Daily Operation
- Guru: Jazzmatazz (Vols. 1-3)
- Herbie Hancock: Dis Is Da Drum
- Hilltop Hoods: Left Foot, Right Foot
- InI: Center Of Attention
- Jazzkantine: Jazzkantine
- Jungle Brothers: Straight Out the Jungle, Done by the Forces of Nature
- Jurassic Five: Quality Control, especially the track Swing Set
- Justice System: Mobilization
- Little Brother: The Listening
- Soweto Kinch: Conversations With The Unseen
- MC Solaar: Prose Combat
- Nas: Illmatic
- Nujabes: Metaphorical Music, Modal Soul
- O.C.: Word...Life
- OutKast: Stankonia, The Love Below
- Greg Osby: 3-D Lifestyles
- Ozomatli: Ozomatli
- Pete_Philly_and_Perquisite: Mindstate
- Pete Rock & CL Smooth: Mecca And The Soul Brother, The Main Ingredient
- Pete Rock: Petestrumentals
- The Pharcyde: Bizarre Ride II the Pharcyde
- Q-Tip: Kamaal the Abstract (Unreleased)
- Quasimoto: The Unseen
- The Roots: Organix, Do You Want More?!!!??!, Illadelph Halflife
- Souls of Mischief: "93 'til Infinity"
- The Sound Providers: An Evening With The Sound Providers
- Spearhead: Home
- Stetsasonic: On Fire, In Full Gear
- US3: Hand On The Torch, Broadway & 52nd
- Philo Taaveti:love and the human...
Notable jazz samples