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Human spaceflight
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A human spaceflight is a spaceflight with a human crew, and possibly passengers. This makes it unlike robotic space probes or remotely-controlled satellites. Historically, human spaceflight was often called manned spaceflight.
Contents
- 1 History
- 2 Safety concerns
- 3 Space programs
- 4 References
- 5 See also
- 6 External links
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History
The first human spaceflight was Vostok 1 on April 12, 1961, on which cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin of the USSR made one orbit around the Earth. Valentina Tereshkova became the first woman in space on board Vostok 6 on June 16, 1963. Alexei Leonov made the first spacewalk when he left the Voskhod 2 on March 8 1965. Svetlana Savitskaya became the first woman to do so on July 25, 1984. The furthest destination for a human spaceflight mission has been the Moon. On the first such mission, Apollo 8, the United States crew orbited the Moon. Apollo 10 was the next mission, and it tested the lunar landing craft in lunar orbit without actually landing. Neil Armstrong stepped onto the moon on July 20, 1969. Six missions landed in total, Apollo 11–17, excluding Apollo 13. Altogether twelve men were on the Moon, the only humans to have been on an extraterrestrial body. The longest single human spaceflight is that of Valeriy Polyakov who left earth on January 08 1994 and didn't come back until March 22 1995. Sergei Krikalyov has spent the most time of anyone in space, altogether 803 days and 9 hours and 39 seconds. Humans have had a presence in space for as long as 3,644 days in a row, eight days short of 10 years, spanning the launch of Soyuz TM-8 on September 5 1989 to the landing of Soyuz TM-29 on August 28 1999. Yang Liwei of The People's Republic of China became the first Taikonaut aboard the Shenzhou 5 on October 15, 2003 This made China the first new spacefaring nation since the United States launched Alan Shepard on May 5, 1961. Sally Ride became the first American woman in space in 1983. Eileen Collins was the first female Shuttle pilot, and with Shuttle mission STS-93 she became the first woman to command a U.S. spacecraft.
Safety concerns
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- See also: Space habitat
- See also: Human adaptation to space
Planners of human spaceflight missions must address a number of safety concerns. The immediate needs for breathable air and drinkable water are addressed by the
life support system of the spacecraft. NASA is using the
International Space Station to investigate questions like, "What happens to food and medicine exposed to six-plus months of space travel?"
[1] Researchers suspect reduced nutrional value of foods and reduced potency of medicines, "Could be a sign of radiation at work."
Space programs
As of 2006 piloted space missions have been carried out by Russia, the People's Republic of China, and the United States. Missions carried out by the United States are both governmental (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) and civilian (Scaled Composites, a California-based company). Japan has announced a program to place a person on the moon by 2025.
Currently the following spacecraft and spaceports are used:
In an attempt to win the $10 million Ansari X Prize, numerous private companies attempted to build their own manned spacecraft capable of repeated suborbital flights. The first private human spaceflight took place on June 21, 2004, when SpaceShipOne conducted a suborbital flight. With its second flight within one week, SpaceShipOne captured the prize on October 4, 2004.
Most of the time, the only humans in space are those aboard the ISS, whose crew of three spends up to six months at a time in
low Earth orbit.
NASA and ESA now use the term "human spaceflight" to refer to their programs of launching people into space. Traditionally, these endeavors have been referred to as "manned space missions".
References
- ^
First Steps to Mars. NASA.
See also
- Lists
