Hanover

This article refers to the German city. For other uses, see Hanover (disambiguation)

Coordinates: 52°22′N, 9°43′E

Hanover (German: Hannover (help·info), IPA: [haˈnoːfeɐ]), on the river Leine, is the capital of the federal state of Lower Saxony (Niedersachsen), Germany. With a population of 548,617 (1 January 2007) the city is a major center of northern Germany, known for hosting annual commercial expositions such as the Hanover Fair and the CeBIT. In 2000, Hanover hosted the world fair Expo 2000. The Hanover fairground, due to numerous extensions especially for the Expo 2000, is the largest in the world. Hanover also has regional importance because of its university and medical school, its international airport and its large zoo (Hanover Zoo).

History

The town was founded in medieval times on the bank of the river Leine (the original name Honovere may be translated as "high bank", though it is debated). It was a small village of ferrymen and fishermen, which became a comparatively large town in the 13th century. In the 14th century the main churches of Hanover were built, as well as a city wall with three town gates to secure the city.

In 1636 the Elector of Calenberg decided to move his residence to Hanover. His electorate was afterwards known as the Electorate of Hanover (see: House of Hanover). His descendants would later become kings of Great Britain (after 1800, kings of the United Kingdom); the first of them was George I, who ascended to the British throne in 1714. Three kings of Great Britain, or the United Kingdom, were at the same time Electoral Princes of Hanover. His even further descendants became the monarchs of sixteen countries around the world known as the Commonwealth Realms.

During the time (1714-1837) of the personal union of the crowns of the United Kingdom and Hanover, the monarch rarely visited Hanover. In fact, during the reigns of the final three joint rulers (1760-1837), there was only one short visit, by George IV, in 1821. A viceroy represented the monarch in Hanover.

During the Seven Years' War on July 26, 1757 the Battle of Hastenbeck took place. The French army defeated the Hanoverian Army of Observation, leading to the occupation of Hanover.

After Napoleon imposed the Convention of Artlenburg (Convention of the Elbe) on July 5, 1803 about 30,000 French soldiers occupied Hanover. The convention also meant the disbanding of the army of Hanover. George III did not recognize the Convention of the Elbe and made an effort to recruit foreign troops. As a result a great number of soldiers of Hanover eventually emigrated to England leading to the King's German Legion which later played an important role in the Battle of Waterloo. The Congress of Vienna in 1814 elevated the electorate to the Kingdom of Hanover. The capital town Hanover expanded to the western bank of the Leine and grew considerably ever since.

In 1837 the personal union of the United Kingdom and Hanover ended as William IV's heir in the United Kingdom was female (Queen Victoria), and Hanover could be inherited only by males. Hanover passed to William IV's brother, Ernest Augustus, and continued as a kingdom until 1866, when it was annexed by Prussia. After the annexation, the people of Hanover opposed the Prussian regime. Nevertheless, the growth of Hanover continued until World War II, when two thirds of the town was bombed to ruins. After the war, Hanover was in the British zone of occupation of Germany, and became part of the new state (Land) of Lower Saxony in 1946.

Administrative divisions

In addition to being capital of Lower Saxony, Hanover was also the capital of the administrative area Hanover region (Regierungsbezirk Hannover) until Lower Saxony's regions were disbanded at the beginning of 2005. It is, however, still part of the Hanover district (Region Hannover), which is a municipal body made up from the former district and city of Hanover.

Places

• Kröpcke (the most central square in Hanover and a favourite city-centre meeting place)
• Market Square (oldest square in Hanover and the very centre of urban expansion)
• Ballhof Square (created in the 1930s during a re-development process)
• Old Town, Hanover (during the rebuilding of Hannover after World War II, parts of the remaining buildings, mainly the façades, were relocated and accumulated in this area)
• Kreuzkirche (Church of the Holy Cross, built in the 14th century)
• Marktkirche (church at the market square, built in the 14th century)
• Aegidienkirche (built in the 14th century, destroyed in 1943, today a memorial for victims of war and violence)
• Leineschloss (castle on the river Leine, today the seat of Lower Saxony's parliament)
• Altes Rathaus (old town hall at the marketplace, build in the 15th century)
• Herrenhäuser Gärten (baroque garden and park ensemble, founded in 1666 by Duke Johann Friedrich of Calenberg)
• Mausoleum (last resting place of the royal family, built 1846 by Laves)
• Opernhaus (opera house, built 1845-1852 based on a plan drawn by Laves)
• Welfenschloss (guelfs castle, built 1857-1866 as residence of king George V, rebuilt 1875-1879 as seat of the university)
• Christuskirche (Christ Church, built 1859-1864 by Conrad Wilhelm Hase in neo-Gothic style)
• Neues Rathaus (new town hall, built 1901-1913 based on plan by Eggert and Halmhuber)
• Maschsee (artificial lake, affectionately called the "blue eye" of Hanover)
• Eilenriede (big inner-city forest, affectionately called the "green lung" of Hanover)
• Skulpturenmeile (street art project started in the 1970s with sculptures from John Henry, Niki de Saint Phalle, Kenneth Snelson and many others)
• Gehry Tower (post-modern building in the inner city near the Steintor Square)
• Hermesturm (steel skeleton tower at the exhibition grounds in Laatzen)
• VW Tower (old broadcast tower near the central bus station)
• Telemax (new broadcast tower in Hannover-Buchholz, highest building in Hanover)

Towns named after Hanover

• Hanover, Brighton, UK
• Hanover, Ontario, Canada
• Hanover, Northern Cape, South Africa
• Hanover, Minnesota, U.S.
• Hanover, New Hampshire, U.S.
• Hanover, York County, Pennsylvania, U.S.
• Hanover, Massachusetts, U.S.
• Hanover, Maine, U.S.
• Hanover, Maryland, U.S.
• Hanover, Virginia, U.S.
• Hanover, Kansas, U.S.

Also, New Hanover County, North Carolina, U.S. is named after the city.

Twinning

Transport

Road traffic

Hanover is an important hub in Germany's Autobahn network; the interchange of two major autobahns, the A2 and A7 is at Kreuz Hannover-Ost, at the northeastern edge of the city. Local autobahns are A 352 (a bypass between A7 and A2, also known as the airport autobahn because it runs close to Hanover Airport) and the A 37.

The Schnellweg system, a number of Bundesstraße roads, forms a structure loosely resembling a large ring road together with A2 and A7. The roads are B 3 , B 6 and B 65, called Westschnellweg (B6 on the northern part, B3 on the southern part), Messeschnellweg (B3, becomes A37 near Burgdorf, crosses A2, becomes B3 again, changes to B6 at Seelhorster Kreuz, then passes the Hanover fairground as B6 and becomes A37 again before merging into A7) and Südschnellweg (starts out as B65, becomes B3/B6/B65 upon crossing Westschnellweg, then becomes B65 again at Seelhorster Kreuz).

Railway

The city's central station, Hannover Hauptbahnhof, is a hub of vital importance in the German high-speed ICE network. It is the starting point of the Hanover-Würzburg high-speed rail line and the central hub for the Hanover S-Bahn, offering international and national connections to virtually everywhere in Germany.

Local transport

Stadtbahn

Main article: Hanover Stadtbahn

Hanover has an extensive Stadtbahn system, traditionally operated by üstra, which handed over operational business to intalliance in 2003. The city is famous for its designer buses and tramways, the TW 6000 and TW 2000 trams being the most well-known examples.

Airports

Hanover and its area is served by Hanover/Langenhagen International Airport (HAJ)

Municipalities

• Mitte
• Vahrenwald-List
• Bothfeld-Vahrenheide
• Buchholz-Kleefeld
• Misburg-Anderten
• Kirchrode-Bemerode-Wülferode
• Südstadt-Bult
• Döhren-Wülfel
• Ricklingen
• Linden-Limmer
• Ahlem-Badenstedt-Davenstedt
• Herrenhausen-Stöcken
• Oststadt
• Nord

Miscellaneous

Note: Hanover is the correct English spelling, even though the German spelling is with a double n. It should always be used when referring to the British House of Hanover (even if you choose to write the city the German way).

There are several universities in Hanover:

• University of Hanover
• Hanover Conservatory [1]
• Hanover Medical School [2]
• School of Veterinary Medicine Hanover

There is one University of Applied Science and Arts in Hanover:

• Fachhochschule Hannover [3]

Famous districts of Hanover:

• Herrenhausen
• Hannover-Zoo (for the zoo itself, see Hanover Zoo)
• Hannover-Nordstadt
• Hannover-Linden

The rock bands Scorpions and Fury in the Slaughterhouse are originally from Hanover.

Hannover 96 is the most popular sports team in Hanover; they play in "AWD Arena". This arena is formerly and still known with its traditional name "Niedersachsenstadion". There are also rumors that the city may get an NFL Europe team.

The federal state museum of Lower Saxony presents nature and people customer, a pre-historical collection and the national gallery. In the historical museum mainly the history of Hanover is presented, in the manor-house EN museum in the prince house the history of the hannoeverschen king and prince house.

The Kestner museum is a museum for history of art, the parish museum presents the art 20. Century, the art association Hanover operates the house of artists. The "Wilhelm-Busch-Museum" in Herrrenhausen is the German museum for caricature and critical diagram). The urban gallery is "KUBUS". Besides there are approximately 30 art galleries.

See also

• Hanover Fair (Hannover Messe)
• CeBIT (CeBIT Computer Messe)
• Oktoberfest Hannover
• Treaty of Hanover among Britain, France, and Prussia on May 19, 1727

Wikipedia information about Hanover This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Hanover". It may not have been reviewed by professional editors (see full disclaimer). Help contribute to Americola and edit this article.