Hamlet

Hamlet
Image:Hamlet quarto 3rd.jpg The third quarto of Hamlet (1605); a straight reprint of the 2nd quarto (1604)
Written by	William Shakespeare
Characters	Hamlet Claudius Gertrude Ghost of Hamlet's father Polonius Laertes Ophelia Reynaldo Horatio Marcellus Barnardo Francisco Voltemand Cornelius Rosencrantz Guildenstern Fortinbras
Country of Origin	England
Original Language	English
Genre	Tragedy
Setting	Elsinore, Denmark

Hamlet is a tragedy by William Shakespeare, and is one of his best-known and is the most-quoted play in the English language. Evidence suggests that it was complete and being performed by 1600, but had some topical references added (which still survive) the following year.^[1] Hamlet is probably the most popular of Shakespeare's plays, judging by the number of productions; for example, topping the list at the Royal Shakespeare since 1879.^[2] The plot contains elements of revenge tragedy, fratricide, murder, existentialist self-questioning and supernatural intervention. With 4,042 lines and 29,551 words, Hamlet is the longest Shakespearean play.^[3]

Performance and the publication

The earliest recorded performance of Hamlet was in June 1602; in 1603 the play was acted at both Universities, Cambridge and Oxford. Along with Richard II, Hamlet was acted by the crew of Capt. William Keeling aboard the British East India Company ship Dragon, off Sierra Leone, in September 1607. More conventional Court performances occurred in 1619 and in 1637, the latter on January 24 at Hampton Court Palace. Since Hamlet is second only to Falstaff among Shakespeare's characters in the number of allusions and references to him in contemporary literature, the play must have been performed with a frequency totally missed by the skimpy historical record.^[4]

Hamlet was entered into the Register of the Stationers Company on July 26, 1602, and published later that year by the booksellers Nicholas Ling and John Trundell. Q1 is a "bad quarto," containing just over half of the text of Q2; Q2 was published in 1604,^[5] again by Nicholas Ling. Reprints of Q2 followed in 1611 (Q3) and 1637 (Q5); there was also an undated Q4 (possibly from 1622). The First Folio text appeared in 1623. Q1, Q2, and F are the three elements in the textual problem of Hamlet (see Text below). The play was revived early in the Restoration era; Sir William Davenant staged a 1661 production at Lincoln's Inn Fields. David Garrick mounted a version at Drury Lane in 1772 that omitted the gravediggers and expanded his own leading role. William Poel staged a production of the Q1 text in 1881.^[6]

Sources

The story of the Danish Prince "Hamlet", who plots revenge on his uncle, the current king, for killing his father, the former king, is an old one (see the legendary Hamlet). Many of the story elements—Hamlet's feigned madness, his mother's hasty marriage to the usurper, the testing of the prince's madness with a young woman, the prince talking to his mother and killing a hidden spy, the prince being sent to England with two retainers and substituting for the letter requesting his execution one requesting theirs—are already here in this medieval tale, recorded by Saxo Grammaticus in his Gesta Danorum around 1200. A reasonably accurate version of Saxo was rendered into French in 1570 by François de Belleforest in his Histoires Tragiques.^[7]

Shakespeare's main source, however, is believed to be an earlier play—now lost (and possibly by Thomas Kyd)—known as the Ur-Hamlet. This earlier Hamlet play was in performance by 1589, and seems to have introduced a ghost for the first time into the story.^[8] Scholars are unable to assert with any confidence how much Shakespeare took from this play, how much from other contemporary sources (such as Kyd's The Spanish Tragedy), and how much from Belleforest (possibly something) or Saxo (probably nothing). In fact, popular scholar Harold Bloom has advanced the (as yet unpopular) notion that Shakespeare himself wrote the Ur-Hamlet as sort of an early draft.^[9] But certainly, no matter the sources, Shakespeare's Hamlet has elements that the medieval version does not: the secrecy of the murder, a ghost that urges revenge, the "other sons" Laertes and Fortinbras, the testing of the king via a play, and the mutually fatal nature of Hamlet's (nearly incidental) "revenge".^[10][11]

The three texts

There are three extant texts of Hamlet from the early 1600s: the "first quarto" Hamlet of 1603 (called Q1), the "second quarto" Hamlet of 1604/5 (Q2), and the Hamlet text within the First Folio of 1623 (F). Later quartos and folios are considered derivative of these, so are of no particular interest in capturing Shakespeare's original text. And in fact, Q1 itself is only marginally useful; in practice Q2 and F are the editions editors rely on. Unfortunately, these two versions have significant inconsistencies that have engendered a growing body of commentary, starting with early studies by J. Dover Wilson and G. I. Duthie and continuing to today. (See References below, and also: Folios and Quartos (Shakespeare)).

Early editors of Shakespeare's works, starting with Nicholas Rowe (1709) and Lewis Theobald (1733), combined material from the two earliest sources of Hamlet then known, the quarto of 1604/5 and the First Folio of 1623. Each text contains some material the other lacks; there are many minor differences even in the material the two share, so that only a little more than 200 lines are identical in both. Many editors have taken an approach of blending, conflating, synthesizing the materials of Q2 and F, in an effort to create an inclusive text that was as close as possible to an idealized Shakespearean original. Theobald's version became standard for a long time.^[12] Certainly, the "full text" philosophy that he established has influenced editors to the current day. Many modern editors have done essentially the same thing Theobald did, also using, for the most part, the 1604/5 quarto and the 1623 folio.

The discovery of a rare copy of Q1 in 1823^[13] raised new difficulties. The deficiencies of the text were recognized immediately—Q1 was instrumental in the development of the concept of a "bad quarto." Yet it also has its value: Q1 contains stage directions that reveal actual stage performance as the others do not, plus an entire scene (usually labeled IV,vi) that is not in either Q2 or F. At least 28 different productions of the Q1 text since 1881 have shown it eminently fit for the stage. Q1 is generally thought to be a "memorial reconstruction" or pirated copy of the play as it had been performed by Shakespeare's own company. It is considerably shorter than the full text because the version from which it is taken had been heavily cut for performance. It is thought that one of the actors playing a minor role (Marcellus, certainly, perhaps Voltemand as well) in the legitimate production was the source of this version.

Another theory is that the first quarto text is a shortened version of the full length play intended for traveling productions (the aforementioned university productions, in particular.) Kathleen Irace espouses this theory in her New Cambridge edition, "The First Quarto of Hamlet." The idea that the Q1 text is not riddled with error, but is in fact a totally viable version of the play has led to several recent Q1 productions (perhaps most notably, Tim Sheridan and Andrew Borba's 2003 production at the Theatre of NOTE in Los Angeles, for which Ms. Irace herself served as dramaturg.)^[14]

As with the two texts of King Lear, contemporary scholarship is moving away from the ideal of the "full text," recognizing its inapplicability to the case of Hamlet. The Arden Shakespeare's 2006 publication of multiple texts of Hamlet is the best evidence of this shifting focus and emphasis.^[15]

List of characters

• Hamlet, Prince of Denmark

Prince Hamlet, the title character, is the son of the late King, also named Hamlet. He is just back from Wittenberg, where he was a sometime student at the university.

• Claudius, King of Denmark, Hamlet's uncle

Claudius is the current King of Denmark, Hamlet's uncle, who succeeded to the throne upon the death of his brother, the old King Hamlet. He also, in short order, married Gertrude, his brother's widow. He is revealed to be the killer of King Hamlet.

• Gertrude, Queen of Denmark, Hamlet's mother

Gertrude is Hamlet's mother. Widowed by King Hamlet's death, she rather too quickly wedded Claudius. In Shakespeare's England, marriage to the brother of one's deceased husband was considered incest by the Church.^[16]

• Ghost appearing to be Hamlet's father, the former king

The ghost is, in form, the old King Hamlet, but may be an evil spirit. The old king has died recently, so his spirit, while suffering in Purgatory, could be walking at night, vexed and vengeful.

• Polonius, counsellor to the king

Polonius (who was known as Corambis in the "bad" first quarto) is Claudius's chief advisor and father to Ophelia and Laertes. He is old, and often humourously played as fatuous and long-winded.

• Laertes, son of Polonius

Laertes is a young aristocrat who has been living in Paris, come home for the coronation of Claudius. "Laertes" is the name of Odysseus's father in Homer's epics.

• Ophelia, daughter of Polonius

Ophelia is Polonius's daughter. She and Hamlet have had a romance, although whether it was mainly in the form of letters, gifts, and significant looks, or had advanced further, is not clear. She is later driven mad by her father's death.

• Reynaldo, servant to Polonius
• Horatio, Hamlet's friend and fellow-student

Horatio is a friend of Hamlet's from Wittenberg. Apparently a Dane, he had come to Elsinore for old Hamlet's funeral and has stayed on. He is viewed as a "scholar", and converses easily with almost everyone in the court, from the guards to the royals. Horatio is the only character with whom Hamlet converses freely for the majority of the play.

• Marcellus, Barnardo, Francisco, officers of the watch
• Voltemand, Cornelius, ambassadors to Norway
• Rosencrantz, Guildenstern, former schoolfellows of Hamlet

Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are old school-fellows of Hamlet. If they knew him at university, it must have been a while ago, as they seem not to know Horatio, recently from Wittenberg. Both their names were extant in Denmark at the time Shakespeare composed Hamlet, so he could have obtained them from a number of sources.^[17]

• Fortinbras, Prince of Norway

Fortinbras is the Norwegian crown prince. He is the son of King Fortinbras, who was killed in battle by Hamlet's father, so he, too, has vengeance on his mind. His firm and decisive action contrasts with Hamlet's procrastination. His name means "strong arm".

• Captain in the Norwegian army
• First Player
• Other Players
• Osric, Lord, Gentleman, courtiers

Osric is a courtier, "full of high sentence, but a bit obtuse"^[18], who referees the sword fight between Hamlet and Laertes.

• First Clown, a gravedigger and sexton

A popular character, he is almost never cut in performance.

• Second Clown, his assistant
• Sailor
• Messenger
• Priest
• English Ambassador

He who utters 'Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead'

• Lords, Attendants, Sailors, Soldiers, Guards

^[19] Doctor of Divinity, Musicians, Laertes's Followers, Officers

Plot summary

This is a story about young Prince Hamlet who bears the same name as his father, the King of Denmark, who has recently and unexpectedly died. Hamlet's uncle, Claudius, has inherited the throne and taken the former king’s wife (Prince Hamlet’s mother), Gertrude, as his own. Prince Hamlet is greatly grieved by the usurpation of the throne by Claudius and Gertrude’s hasty remarriage to her departed husband’s brother, whom Prince Hamlet considers hardly worthy of comparison to his father.

On a dark winter night, a ghost resembling the deceased King Hamlet appears to Bernardo, Marcellus, watchmen of Elsinore Castle in Denmark, and Horatio, a scholar of Wittenberg. The ghost seemingly has an important message to deliver. However, the ghost vanishes before his message can be told. The sentries notify the prince, prompting his investigation into the matter. The apparition appears once again and speaks to Hamlet, revealing to him that his father was murdered by Claudius. After commanding Hamlet to avenge his father’s death, the ghost disappears. Hamlet plots to confirm Claudius’s guilt by feigning madness.

Upon notice of Claudius and Gertrude, a pair of Hamlet’s schoolfriends named Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are appointed to monitor him and discover the cause of his apparent insanity. Polonius, the councillor to the king, suspects that the origin of Hamlet’s madness lies with his love for Polonius’ daughter, Ophelia. However, in a secretly overseen meeting between the two suspected lovers, there is no evidence that Hamlet loves Ophelia; to the contrary, he orders her away to a nunnery.

Hamlet contrives a plan to uncover Claudius’s guilt by staging a play reenacting the murder. Claudius interrupts the play midway through and leaves the room. Horatio confirms the king’s reaction and Hamlet goes to avenge his father. He is poised to kill when he finds Claudius in prayer but concludes that killing him now would result in his soul’s passage to heaven – an inappropriate fate for one so evil. However, when he leaves, Claudius reveals that he had not been praying in a very pious manner.

Hamlet goes to confront and reprimand his mother. He hears a noise behind the curtain and believes it is Claudius, eavesdropping. He blindly stabs the body behind the curtain, not realizing it is in fact Polonius. Hamlet then runs around the castle, away from the guards and poor Ophelia. Fearing for his own safety, Claudius deports Hamlet to England along with Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, who, unbeknownst to Hamlet, carry a request for the arrangement of his death.

Ophelia, afflicted by grief, goes mad and drowns in a river (perhaps by her own doing). Laertes, her brother and Polonius’s son, returns from his visit to France enraged. Claudius convinces Laertes that Hamlet is to blame for the death of Polonius. Hamlet sends word that he has returned to Denmark after his ship was attacked by pirates on the way to England. Claudius, realizing in Laertes an opportunity to get rid of Hamlet, wagers that Hamlet can best Laertes in a fencing match. The fight is a setup; Laertes’ blade is poisoned, as is the wine in a goblet from which Hamlet is to drink.

During the bout, Gertrude drinks from the poisoned goblet and dies. Laertes succeeds in cutting Hamlet, then is cut by his own blade. With his dying breath, he reveals the king’s plot to kill Hamlet. Hamlet manages to kill Claudius before he too succumbs to the fatal poison. Fortinbras, a Norwegian prince with ambitions of conquest, leads his army to Denmark and comes upon the scene. Horatio recounts the tale and Fortinbras orders Hamlet’s body to be carried away honorably.

Hamlet as a character

Main article: Prince Hamlet

In this play, Prince Hamlet is by far the major presence: his problem is central to the plot, and his public wit and private speculations dominate the action. The part of the Prince is far longer than any other in all of Shakespeare's plays. This most popular tragedy has many dark corners (Is the ghost good or evil? Why did Ophelia die?), yet the biggest mysteries of all concern Hamlet's character, his psychology, and his real motivations. There has been no dearth of speculation on these and many other questions about this central character in Western literature.^[20].

Trivia

• Laurence Olivier, (1937) John Gielgud (1939), and Derek Jacobi (1978) played the title role of Hamlet at Elsinore Castle in Denmark, the actual setting of the play. Christopher Plummer played the role in a television version (1966) that was filmed there.
• After John Wilkes Booth assassinated Abraham Lincoln, his brother Edwin Booth went into a brief retirement but made his comeback in his signature role of Prince Hamlet. Rather than wait for Hamlet's first appearance in the text to meet the audience's response, Booth sat on the stage in the play's first scene and was met by a lengthy standing ovation.
• Booth's Broadway run of Hamlet lasted for 100 performances in 1864, an incredible run for its time. When John Barrymore played the part on Broadway to acclaim in 1922, it was assumed that he would close the production after 99 performances out of respect for Booth. But Barrymore extended the run to 101 performances so that he would have the record for himself.
• The longest recorded London run is Henry Irving's, who played the part for over 200 consecutive nights in 1874 and revived it to acclaim with Ellen Terry as Ophelia in 1878.
• Peter O'Toole played Hamlet in the premiere production of the Royal National Theatre (1963).
• The longest Broadway run of Hamlet is the 1964 production starring Richard Burton and directed by Gielgud, which ran for 137 performances. The actor who has played the part most frequently on Broadway is Maurice Evans, who played Hamlet for 267 performances in productions mounted in 1938, 1939, and 1945.
• Actresses who have played the title role in Hamlet include Sarah Siddons, Sarah Bernhardt, Asta Nielsen, Judith Anderson, and Diane Venora.
• The only actor to win a Tony Award for playing Hamlet is Ralph Fiennes in 1995. Richard Burton was nominated for the award in 1964, but lost to Alec Guinness in Dylan. Hume Cronyn won the Tony Award for Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Play for his performance as Polonius in that production.
• The only actor to win an Academy Award for playing Hamlet is Laurence Olivier in 1948.
• The only actor to win an Emmy Award nomination for playing Hamlet is Christopher Plummer in 1966. Margaret Leighton won an Emmy for playing Gertrude in the 1971 Hallmark Hall of Fame presentation.
• The youngest actor to play the role on film was Ethan Hawke, who was 30, In Hamlet(2000)[1] The oldest is probably Johnston Forbes-Robertson, who was 60 when his performance was filmed in 1913.^[21]

Cultural references

The play has greatly influenced culture. See the below articles for more information.

• References to Hamlet in popular culture
• Phrases from Hamlet in common English phrases from the play in everyday English

Notes

1. ^ Jenkins, pp. 1-6; the topical material concerned the "war of the theatres" and—possibly—the Essex rebellion in early 1601 ("the late innovation")
2. ^ (Crystal, 2005, p.66)
3. ^ based on the first edition of The Riverside Shakespeare (1974)
4. ^ Hibbard, G. R. Hamlet. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998: 17
5. ^ Some copies of Q2 are dated 1605, possibly reflecting a second impression; so that Q2 is often dated "1604/5."
6. ^ Halliday, p. 204.
7. ^ Edwards, pp. 1-2
8. ^ Jenkins, pp. 82-5
9. ^ Bloom advances this theory in both his major popular works on Shakespeare, Shakespeare: The Invention of the Human and Hamlet: Poem Unlimited.
10. ^ Edwards, p.2
11. ^ see Jenkins, pp. 82-122 for a complex discussion of all sorts of possible influences that found their way into the play.
12. ^ Hibbard, pp. 22-3
13. ^ Jenkins, p.14
14. ^ Thompson & Taylor, 2006
15. ^ ibid
16. ^ Hibbard, p. 164, note 157
17. ^ Jenkins, p.422
18. ^ T.S. Eliot, The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock
19. ^ character list (not indented commentary) taken from Edwards (2003)
20. ^ Jenkins, p.147
21. ^ Dworkin, Martin. "'Stay Illusion': Having Words About Shakespeare On Screen." Journal of Aesthetic Education 11 (1977): 55.

References

• Crystal, David, & Ben Crystal, The Shakespeare Miscellany. New York, 2005.
• Duthie, G. I., The "Bad" Quarto of "Hamlet," A Critical Study, Cambridge University Press, 1941.
• Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Phillip Edwards, ed. Cambridge, 2003. Updated 1985 edition.
• Halliday, F. E., A Shakespeare Companion 1564-1964, Baltimore, Penguin, 1964.
• Hamlet. G.R. Hibbard, ed. Oxford, 1987. (Oxford World's Classics).
• Hamlet. Harold Jenkins, ed. Methuen, 1982. (The Arden Shakespeare).
• Thompson, Ann, and Neil Taylor, eds., Hamlet, The Texts of 1603 and 1623, Arden Shakespeare, Third Series, 2006.
• Wilson, John Dover, The Manuscript of Shakespeare's Hamlet. Cambridge, 1934.

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