Senate of France

The Senate (French: Sénat) is the upper house of the Parliament of France.

A Sénat was also the upper house during the French Consulate of 1799-1804.

The Senate enjoys less prominence than the lower house, the directly elected National Assembly; debates in the Senate tend to be less tense and enjoy generally less media coverage.

Composition and election

Until September 2004, the Senate had 321 senators who were elected for a nine-year term. After this date, the term was reduced to six years while the number of senators will progressively increase to 346 in 2010 to reflect changes in the country's demographics. Senators were elected in thirds every three years; this will also change to one half of their number every three years. [1]

Senators are elected indirectly by approximately 150,000 local elected officials ("grands électeurs"), including mayors, city councillors, and deputies of the National Assembly. This system introduces a bias in the composition of the Senate, which favors rural areas. As a consequence, while the political majority changes frequently in the National Assembly, the Senate has remained conservative since the foundation of the Fifth Republic, and it is expected that it will remain so in the forthcoming years.

Following from a tradition started by the first National Assembly during the French Revolution, the "left-wing" parties sit to the left as seen from the president's seat, and the "right-wing" parties sit to the right, and the seating thus indicates the political spectrum as represented in the Senate.

Composition and membership

Source:[7]

President

Senators elect among themselves a President. The current incumbent is Christian Poncelet. The President of the Senate is also, according to the constitution of the Fifth Republic, first in line of succession in case of death, resignation or impeachment (only for health reasons) of the President of the Republic, thus becoming Acting President of the Republic until a new election can be held. This happened twice for Alain Poher, once at the resignation of Charles de Gaulle and once at the death of Georges Pompidou.

Powers

According to the Constitution, the Senate has almost the same powers as the National Assembly. Bills may be submitted by the government (projets de loi) or by either house of Parliament (propositions de loi). Both houses must adopt the law before it can be promulgated.

Because both houses may amend the bill, it may take several readings to reach an agreement between the National Assembly and the Senate. When the Senate and the National Assembly cannot agree on a bill, the government can decide, after a procedure called commission mixte paritaire, to give the final decision to the National Assembly, which majority is normally on the government's side. This does not happen frequently: most of the time both houses eventually agree on the bill, or the government decides to withdraw it. However, this power gives the National Assembly a prominent role in the law-making process, especially since the government is necessarily of the same side as the Assembly, for the Assembly can dismiss the government at will through a motion of censure. If the Assembly and the Senate have different majorities, it is expected that the Assembly will prevail anyway, and things generally do not go to the point of an open conflict between both houses.

The Senate also participates in controlling the government's action by publishing many reports every year on various topics.

Controversy

Because the Senate represents rural areas in greater proportion than their numbers in the French population, it has been criticized as an undemocratic institution; reform has been suggested several times [8], including by president Charles de Gaulle. This is nowadays especially compounded by the Senate consistently having a right-wing majority, regardless of the alternation of parties in the presidency and the National Assembly. Former Prime Minister Lionel Jospin denounced the Senate as an "anachronism".

Location

The Senate is housed inside the Palais du Luxembourg in the 6th arrondissement of Paris and is guarded by Republican Guards. In front of the building lie the Senate's garden, the Jardin du Luxembourg, open to the public.

See also

• Politics of France
• French Parliament
• French Congress
• Senators for life in France
• List of Presidents of the French Senate

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