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Criticism
The ethics and efficacy of these procedures are rejected by all mainstream medical and mental health associations that have taken a position on the topic.[5] Their stance is that sexual orientation is unchangeable, and that attempts to do so are often damaging to the person's well-being.[5] The American Psychiatric Association states that "ethical practitioners refrain from attempts to change individuals' sexual orientation."[6] Major organizations that reject reparative therapy include the American Psychiatric Association, the American Psychological Association, the American Counseling Association, the National Association of Social Workers, the American Academy of Pediatrics, the American Association of School Administrators, the American Federation of Teachers, the National Association of School Psychologists, and the National Education Association. [7]. ScandalsExodus International's first scandal occurred in 1979 when Michael Bussee (one of the five co-founding members who had helped organize the 1976 conference that led to Exodus' inception) left the group to be with Gary Cooper, a volunteer at the local Exodus ministry where they both worked, who was also volunteering for the first Exodus conference.[8] Later they held a life commitment ceremony. Their story is one of the focuses of the documentary One Nation Under God (1993), directed by Teodoro Maniaci and Francine Rzeznik.
Paulk affairExodus International’s most recent and damaging scandal involved John Paulk who became the public face for the organization in its 1998 marketing push to promote its programs. Paulk became active in Focus on the Family and was also the elected chairman of the board of Exodus International North America. A former prostitute and drag queen, Paulk and his wife Anne (nee Edward), a self-described "former lesbian," enjoyed high profile publicity for their work with Exodus and as examples of "ex-gays" from their program. Also in 1998, Paulk’s personal life story (written with the help of Tony Marco) entitled Not Afraid to Change was published by Winepress Publishing. In the book, Paulk told of his "gay origins" while a student at Ohio State University, his career as a prostitute and his habit of lying, all of which he claims were eliminated when he "gave his life to Christ." The book enjoyed success with Christian readers and leaders who held the book as a testament to the power of Jesus Christ in helping turn around lives. On September 19, 2000 while on a speaking tour, Paulk was identified drinking and flirting at Mr. P's, a Washington DC gay bar, giving his name as "John Clint", one he had used in his days as a hustler in Ohio. A patron recognized him and contacted Wayne Besen, an employee of the Human Rights Campaign, a gay political action organization. When Besen arrived at the bar forty minutes later and confronted "John Clint", he denied that he was in fact John Paulk. Upon exiting the bar, Paulk's picture was taken as documentation that he had been in the bar. When confronted by Besen about the incident and the photographs, Paulk admitted being in the bar, but stated that he didn’t know it was a gay bar and had simply stopped in for a moment to use the restroom. However, eyewitnesses reported that Paulk stayed for more than an hour, flirted with other men, and when questioned about his sexuality, said he was gay (see Besen's book Anything But Straight). Paulk was called back to Focus on the Family headquarters and was questioned by Dr. James Dobson. At first Paulk reportedly evaded a direct answer about the incident; however he later confessed that he had been in the bar for the purpose of flirting. Paulk was placed on probation, and was chaperoned on future speaking engagements to ensure that he had "support" in the event that he needed it. Dobson also removed Paulk from the Board Chair position of Exodus International. He remained on the board under probationary status only and was not allowed to attend meetings or vote. An Exodus press release soon after was openly critical of him: John's actions represent a serious lapse in sound judgment. His decision to enter a gay establishment for any reason opens him up to all kinds of speculation by both other Exodus leaders and also the gay community. The incident received national headlines in newspapers and news magazines and raised questions about the program and its choice in leadership. Paulk eventually left his job at Focus on the Family and moved with his family to Oregon, where he is a full-time personal chef. Billboard parody controversyOn March 2, 2006, Liberty Counsel, a law firm acting on behalf of Exodus International, sent cease-and-desist letters[9][10] to Justin Watt, who blogs at Justinsomnia, and Mike Airhart, who blogs at Ex-Gay Watch. The letters "insist[ed]" that Watt and Airhart "immediately cease use" of an edited photograph on their respective blogs "or in any other form" which parodied an Exodus billboard. The original billboard image, obtained from Exodus's website, consisted of the message "Gay? Unhappy? www.exodus.to" while the parody image, created by Watt in September 2005, showed the same sign, substantially cropped, with the text altered to read "Straight? Unhappy? www.gay.com." The following excerpt from Watt's cease-and-desist letter details Exodus's rationale for the request. The letter mentions Wikipedia because Watt had cited the Wikipedia entry on fair use in posting his parody. "You appear to believe that the stolen image is exempt from federal intellectual property laws as a 'parody' due to 'fair use.' Unfortunately, the intricacies of federal law cannot adequately be covered on 'Wikipedia' due to the variety of facts addressed by courts in numerous cases. Your use of the image is indeed a violation of copyright law and is not covered by 'fair use.'" In response, Watt contacted the ACLU, who took his defense and responded to the cease-and-desist letter[11] in partnership with the law firm of Fenwick & West LLP. According to reports in The New York Times[12] and USA Today,[13] Exodus decided against pursuing further legal action once the Exodus logo was removed from the parody. See alsoReferences
SourcesBesen, Wayne, Anything But Straight: Unmasking the Scandals and Lies Behind the Ex-Gay Myth The Haworth Press, Inc. (2003) ISBN 1-56023-445-8 (hardcover) ISBN 1-56023-446-6 (paperback) Carlson, Margaret , Praying Away the Gay , Time Magazine, July, 27, 1998. John Paulk (with Tony Marco) Not Afraid to Change: The remarkable story of how one man overcame homosexuality Winepress Publishing (1998) ISBN 1-57921-097-X
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