Drake Passage

The Drake Passage is the body of water between the southern tip of South America at Cape Horn, Chile and the South Shetland Islands of Antarctica. It forms part of the Southern Ocean. It is named after 16th century English privateer Sir Francis Drake, although he never sailed the Passage, opting instead for the less turbulent Strait of Magellan.

Older references refer to the passage as the Drake Strait. On the other hand, some Spanish, Argentinean and Chilean historians and sources call it Mar de Hoces (Hoces Sea).

The first recorded voyage through the passage was that of the Eendracht, captained by Willem Schouten in 1616.

The 645 km (400 mile) wide passage is the shortest crossing from Antarctica to the rest of the world's land. The boundary between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans is sometimes taken to be a line drawn from Cape Horn to Snow Island (260 km (161 miles) north of mainland Antarctica). Alternatively the meridian that passes through Cape Horn may be taken as the boundary. Both boundaries lie entirely within the Drake Passage.

The passage is open water, except for the very small Diego Ramirez Islands about 50 km (30 mi) south of Cape Horn. There is no significant land anywhere around the world at the latitudes of the Drake Passage, which is important to the unimpeded flow of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current which carries a huge volume of water (about 600 times the flow of the Amazon) through the Passage and around Antarctica.

Seas in the Drake Passage are famously rough, with waves over 10 meters (over 30 feet) high not uncommon. Located between 56 and (approximately) 60 degrees south latitude, the passage is undoubtedly the source of the sailors' maxim that "Below 40 degrees, there is no law. Below 50 degrees, there is no God."

Ships in the passage are often good platforms for the sighting of whales, dolphins and plentiful seabirds including giant petrels, other petrels, albatrosses and penguins.

The passage is known to have been closed until around 41 million years ago [1] according to a chemical study of fish teeth found in oceanic sedimentary rock. Before the passage opened, the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans were separated entirely with Antarctica being much warmer and having no ice cap. The joining of the two great oceans started the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and cooled the continent significantly.

See also

• García de Nodal

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