Daniel O'Connell

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Daniel O'Connell (6 August, 1775 – 15 May, 1847) (Irish: Dónal Ó Conaill), known as The Liberator or The Emancipator, was Ireland's predominant political leader in the first half of the nineteenth century who championed the cause of the Catholic tenants and small-landholders^{[citation needed]}. He campaigned for Catholic Emancipation and Repeal of the Union between Ireland and Great Britain.

He is remembered in Ireland as the founder of a non-violent, form of Irish nationalism, and for the channelling of Irish politics by the mobilisation of the Catholic community as a political force, with the help of the clergy. An example of this is contained in the New Advent account of O'Connell's life: ...[i]t was known that he could not as a Catholic take the Parliamentary oath; but if he, the representative of 6,000,000, were driven from the doors of Parliament solely because of his creed, the effect on public opinion would be great. O'Connell was elected, and when he presented himself in Parliament he refused to take the oath offered him. The crisis had come. The Catholic millions, organized and defiant, would have Emancipation; the Orangemen would have no concession; and Ireland, in the end of 1828, was on the brink of civil war. To avoid this calamity Peel and Wellington struck their colours, and in 1829 the Catholic Relief Act was passed.

The view put forward by John Mitchel, one of the leading members of the Young Ireland movement, in his “Jail Journal”^[1] was that there were two distinct movements in Ireland during this period, which were rousing the people, one was the Catholic Relief Agitation, which was both open and legal, the other was the secret societies known as the Ribbon and White-boy movements.^[2] The first proposed the admission of professional and genteel Catholics to Parliament and to the honours of the professions, all under British law — the other, originating in an utter horror and defiance of British law, contemplated nothing less than a social, and ultimately, a political revolution.^[2] According to Mitchel, for fear of the latter, Great Britain with a “very ill grace yielded to the first”. Mitchel agrees that Sir Robert Peel and the Duke of Wellington said they brought in this measure, to avert civil war; but says that “no British statesman ever officially tells the truth, or assigns to any act its real motive.”^[2] Their real motive was, according to Mitchel, to buy into the British interests, the landed and educated Catholics, these “Respectable Catholics” would then be contented, and become West Britons from that day.^[2]

Contents 1 Early life 2 Campaigning for Catholic Emancipation 3 Campaign for "Repeal of the Union" 4 Political beliefs and programme 5 Death and legacy 6 Family 7 Footnotes 8 O'Connell quotes 9 Books By Young Irelanders (Irish Confederation) 10 Additional Reading 11 References 12 External links 13 See also

Early life

Born in Carhen, near Caherciveen, County Kerry, to a once-wealthy Roman Catholic family. O'Connell, under the patronage of his wealthy bachelor uncle, Maurice "Hunting Cap" O'Connell, studied at Douai in France, and was admitted to Lincoln's Inn in 1794, transferring to Dublin's King's Inns two years later. In his early years, he became acquainted with the pro-democracy radicals of the time, and committed himself to bringing equal rights and religious tolerance to his own country.^{[citation needed]}

While in Dublin studying for the law O'Connell was under his Uncle Maurice's instructions not to become involved in any militia activity. When Wolfe Tone's French invasion fleet entered Bantry Bay in December, 1796, O'Connell found himself in a quandary. Politics was the cause of his unsettlement.^[3] Dennis Gwynn in his Daniel O’Connell: The Irish Liberator suggests that the unsettlement was due to the fact that he was enrolled as a volunteer in defence of Government, yet the Government was intensifying its persecution of the Catholic people of which he was one.^[3] He desired to enter Parliament, yet every allowance that the Catholics had been led to anticipate, two years previously, was now flatly vetoed.^[3]

As a law student, O'Connell was aware of his own talents, but the higher ranks of the Bar were closed to him. Having read the Jockey Club, as a picture of the governing class in England, and was persuaded by it that, “vice reigns triumphant in the English court at this day. The spirit of liberty shrinks to protect property from the attacks of French innovators. The corrupt higher orders tremble for their vicious enjoyments.”^[3] Daniel O'Connell's studies at the time had concentrated upon the legal and political history of Ireland, and the debates of the Historical Society concerned the records of governments, and from this he was to conclude, according to one of his biographers, "in Ireland the whole policy of the Government was to repress the people and to maintain the ascendancy of a privileged and corrupt minority."^[3]

On 3 January 1797, he wrote to his uncle saying that he was the last of his colleagues to join a volunteer corps and 'being young, active, healthy and single' he could offer no plausible excuse.^[4] Later that month, for the sake of expediency, he joined the Lawyer's Artillery Corps.^[5]

On 19 May 1798, O'Connell was called to the Irish Bar and became a barrister. Four days later the United Irishmen staged their rebellion which was put down by the British with great bloodshed. O'Connell did not support the rebellion; he believed that the Irish would have to assert themselves politically rather than by force. He decided to retire to his Kerry home and took part in neither the rebellion nor its repression^{[citation needed]}.

For over a decade he went into a fairly quiet period of private law practice in the south of Ireland. He also condemned Robert Emmet's rebellion of 1803. Of Emmet, a Protestant, he wrote: 'A man who could coolly prepare so much bloodshed, so many murders - and such horrors of every kind has ceased to be an object of compassion.'^[6]

Campaigning for Catholic Emancipation

He returned to politics in the 1810s, campaigning for Catholic Emancipation, that is, the opportunity for Irish Catholics to become Members of Parliament. O'Connell set up the Catholic Association in order to campaign for Catholic Emancipation. The Association was funded by membership dues of one penny per month, a minimal amount designed to attract Catholic peasants. The subscription was highly successful, and the Association raised a large sum of money in its first year. The money was used to campaign for Catholic Emancipation, specifically funding pro-emancipation Members of Parliament (MPs) standing for the British House of Commons.

As part of his campaign for Catholic Emancipation, O'Connell stood in a by-election to the British House of Commons in 1828 for County Clare for a seat vacated by William Vesey Fitzgerald, another supporter of the Catholic Association. After O'Connell won the seat, he was unable to take it due to restrictions on Catholics in Ireland at this time. It was only through a legal loop hole that he was allowed to stand in the first place. It is incorrectly assumed that he didn't take his seat because of his refusal to take an oath to the King as head of the Church of England. The Prime Minister, the Duke of Wellington, and the Home Secretary, Sir Robert Peel, even though they opposed Catholic emancipation, saw that denying O'Connell his seat would cause outrage and could lead to another rebellion or uprising.

Peel and Wellington managed to convince George IV that Catholic emancipation and the right of Catholics and Presbyterians and members of all Christian faiths other than the established Church of Ireland to sit in Parliament needed to be passed; and with the help of the Whigs, it became law in 1829. However, this destroyed the trust other Tory MPs had in Peel and Wellington. (Jews and other non-Christians got the right to sit in Parliament in 1858). Michael Doheny, in his The Felon’s Track, says that the very character of Emancipation has assumed an “exaggerated and false guise” and that it is an error to call it emancipation. He went on, that it was neither the first nor the last nor even the most important in the concessions, which are entitled to the name of emancipation, and that no one remembered the men whose exertions “wrung from the reluctant spirit of a far darker time the right of living, of worship, of enjoying property, and exercising the franchise.”^[7] Doheny's opinion was, that the penalties of the “penal laws” had been long abolished, and that barbarous code had been compressed into cold and stolid exclusiveness and yet Mr. O’Connell monopolised its entire renown.^[7]

Ironically, considering O'Connell's dedication to peaceful methods of political agitation,his greatest political achievement ushered in a period of violence in Ireland. A flaw in his achievement was that one of the most unpopular features of the Penal Laws remained in the form of the obligation for all working people to support the Anglican Church (i.e., the Church of Ireland) by payments known as Tithes. An initially peaceful campaign of non-payment turned violent in 1831 when the newly founded Irish Constabulary were used to seize property in lieu of payment resulting in the Tithe War of 1831-36. Although opposed to the use of force, O'Connell successfully defended participants in the battle of Carrickshock and all the defendants were successfully acquitted.

In 1841, Daniel O'Connell became the first Roman Catholic Lord Mayor of Dublin since the reign of King James II of England and Ireland and VII of Scotland, who was the last Roman Catholic monarch in the British Isles. As the Lord Mayor, he called out the British Army against striking workers in the capital. Nonetheless O'Connell rejected Sharman Crawford's call for the complete abolition of tithes in 1838, as he felt he could not embarrass the Whigs (the Lichfield house compact secured an alliance between Whigs, radicals and Irish MPs in 1835).

Campaign for "Repeal of the Union"

O'Connell also campaigned for Repeal of the Act of Union, which in 1801 merged the Parliaments of the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In order to campaign for Repeal, O'Connell set up the Repeal Association. He argued for the re-creation of an independent Kingdom of Ireland to govern itself, with Queen Victoria as the Queen of Ireland.

To push for this, he held a series of Monster Meetings throughout much of Ireland outside the Protestant and Unionist-dominated province of Ulster. They were so called because each was attended by around 100,000 people. These rallies concerned the British Government and then-Prime Minister, Sir Robert Peel, banned one such proposed monster meeting at Clontarf, County Dublin, just outside Dublin City. This move was made after the biggest monster meeting was held at Tara. Tara held a lot of significance to the Irish population as it was the old inauguration site of the High Kings of Ireland. Clontarf was symbolic because of its association with the Battle of Clontarf in 1014, when the Irish King and Gaelic imperialist Brian Boru broke Viking power in Ireland. Despite appeals from his supporters, O'Connell refused to defy the authorities and he called off the meeting.

This did not prevent him being jailed for sedition, although he was released after 3 months by the British House of Lords. Having deprived himself of his most potent weapon, the monster meeting, O'Connell failed to make any more progress in the campaign for Repeal.

Political beliefs and programme

A critic of violent insurrection in Ireland, O'Connell once said that the freedom of Ireland was not worth the spilling of one drop of blood, although his killing of John D'Esterre in a duel in 1815 indicates that this belief did not include matters of "gentlemanly honour". The Dublin Corporation had always been reactionary and bigoted against Catholics, and served the established Protestant Ascendancy. O'Connell in an 1815 speech referred to "The Corpo", as it was commonly referred to, as a "beggarly corporation". Its members and leaders were outraged and because O'Connell would not apologize, one of their number, the noted duellist D'Esterre, challenged him. O'Connell met D'Esterre and shot him dead. He regretted the deed deeply, and throughout his life took every opportunity to assist and aid D'Esterre's family.

Politically, he focused on parliamentary and populist methods to force change and made regular declarations of his loyalty to the British Crown. He often warned the British Establishment that if they did not reform the governance of Ireland, Irishmen would start to listen to the "counsels of violent men". Successive British governments continued to ignore this advice, long after his death, although he succeeded in extracting by the sheer force of will and the power of the Catholic peasants and clergy much of what he wanted, i.e. eliminating disabilities on Roman Catholics; ensuring that lawfully elected Roman Catholics could serve their constituencies in the British Parliament (until the Irish Parliament was restored); and amending the Oath of Allegiance so as to remove clauses offensive to Roman Catholics who could then take the Oath in good conscience.

Although a native speaker of the Irish language, O'Connell encouraged Irish people to learn English in order to better themselves.

And although he is best known for the campaign for Catholic Emancipation; he also supported similar efforts for Irish Jews. At his insistence, in 1846, the British law “De Judaismo," which prescribed a special dress for Jews, was repealed. O’Connell said: "Ireland has claims on your ancient race, it is the only country that I know of unsullied by any one act of persecution of the Jews".

Death and legacy

Daniel O'Connell died of softening of the brain in 1847 in Genoa, Italy while on a pilgrimage to Rome at the age of 71, his term in prison having seriously weakened him. According to his dying wish, his heart was buried in Rome and the remainder of his body in Glasnevin Cemetery in Dublin, beneath a round tower. His sons are buried in his crypt.

O'Connell is known in Ireland as "The Liberator" for his success in achieving Catholic Emancipation. O'Connell admired Latin American liberator Simón Bolívar, and one of his sons, Morgan O'Connell, was a volunteer officer in Bolívar's army in 1820, aged 15^{[citation needed]}.

The principal street in the centre of Dublin, previously called Sackville Street, was renamed O'Connell Street in his honour in the early twentieth century after the Irish Free State came into being^{[citation needed]}. His statue (made by the sculptor John Henry Foley, who also designed the sculptures of the Albert Memorial in London) stands at one end of the street, with a statue of Charles Stewart Parnell at the other end.

The main street of Limerick is also named after O'Connell, also with a statue at the end (in the centre of The Crescent). O'Connell Streets also exist in Ennis, Sligo, and North Adelaide.

There is a museum commemorating him in Derrynane House, near the village of Derrynane, County Kerry, which was once owned by his family.

Family

In 1802 O'Connell married his cousin Mary O'Connell. They had three daughters and four sons. The sons - Maurice, Morgan, John, and Daniel - all sat in Parliament. Daughter Ellen left Ireland to live in the United States.

Footnotes

1. ^ John Mitchel’s Jail Journal which was first serialised in his first New York City newspaper, The Citizen, from 14 January 1854 to 19 August 1854. The book referenced is an exact reproduction of the Jail Journal, as it first appeared.
2. ^ ^{a b c d} John Mitchel, Jail Journal, or five years in British Prisons, M. H. Gill & Son, Ltd., 1914, pp. xxxiv-xxxvi
3. ^ ^{a b c d e} Dennis Gywnn, Daniel O’Connell The Irish Liberator, Hutchinson & Co. Ltd pg 71
4. ^ O'Connell Correspondence, Vol I, Letter No. 24a
5. ^ O'Ferrall, F., Daniel O'Connell, Dublin, 1981, p. 12
6. ^ O'Connell Correspondence, Vol I, Letter No. 97
7. ^ ^{a b} Doheny’s The Felon’s Track, M. H. Gill & Son, Ltd., 1951, pp 2-4

O'Connell quotes

• ‘The altar of liberty totters when it is cemented only with blood’ [Written in his Journal, Dec 1796, and one of O'Connell's most well-known quotes. Quoted by O'Ferrall, F., Daniel O'Connell, Dublin, 1981, p. 12]

• "Gentlemen, you may soon have the alternative to live as slaves or die as free men" (speaking in Mallow, County Cork)

• ‘Good God, what a brute man becomes when ignorant and oppressed. Oh Liberty! What horrors are committed in thy name! May every virtuous revolutionist remember the horrors of Wexford’! [Written in his Journal, 2nd Jan 1799, referring to the recent rebellion. Quoted from Vol I, p.205, of O'Neill Daunt, W. J., Personal Recollections of the Late Daniel O'Connell, M.P., 2 Vols, London, 1848.]

• ‘My days – the blossom of my youth and the flower of my manhood – have been darkened by the dreariness of servitude. In this my native land – in the land of my sires – I am degraded without fault as an alien and an outcast.’ [July 1812, aged 37, reflecting on the failure to secure equal rights or Catholic Emancipation for Catholics in Ireland. Quoted from Vol I, p.185, of O'Connell, J. (ed.) The Life and Speeches of Daniel O'Connell, 2 Vols, Dublin, 1846)]

• ‘How cruel the Penal Laws are which exclude me from a fair trial with men whom I look upon as so much my inferiors..’. [O’Connell’s Correspondence, Letter No 700, Vol II]

• ‘…I want to make all Europe and America know it – I want to make England feel her weakness if she refuses to give the justice we [the Irish] require – the restoration of our domestic parliament…’. [Speech given at a ‘monster’ meeting held at Drogheda, June, 1843]

• ‘There is an utter ignorance of, and indifference to, our sufferings and privations….What care they for us, provided we be submissive, pay the taxes, furnish recruits for the Army and Navy and bless the masters who either despise or oppress or combine both? The apathy that exists respecting Ireland is worse than the national antipathy they bear us’. [Letter to T.M. Ray, 1839, on English attitudes to Ireland (O’Connell Correspondence, Vol VI, Letter No. 2588)]

• ‘No person knows better than you do that the domination of England is the sole and blighting curse of this country. It is the incubus that sits on our energies, stops the pulsation of the nation’s heart and leaves to Ireland not gay vitality but horrid the convulsions of a troubled dream’. [Letter to Bishop Doyle, 1831 (O’Connell Correspondence, Vol IV, Letter No. 1860)]

• ‘The principle of my political life …. is, that all ameliorations and improvements in political institutions can be obtained by persevering in a perfectly peaceable and legal course, and cannot be obtained by forcible means, or if they could be got by forcible means, such means create more evils than they cure, and leave the country worse than they found it.’ [Writing in The Nation newspaper, 18 November, 1843]

Books By Young Irelanders (Irish Confederation)

• The Felon's Track, Michael Doheny, M. H. Gill & Sons, Ltd. 1951 (Text at Project Gutenberg).
• An Apology for the British Government in Ireland, John Mitchel, O'Donoghue & Company, 1905
• Jail Journal, John Mitchel, M. H. Gill & Sons, Ltd., 1914
• Jail Journal: with continuation in New York & Paris, John Mitchel, M. H. Gill & Son, Ltd.
• The Crusade of the Period, John Mitchel, Lynch, Cole & Meehan, 1873
• Last Conquest of Ireland (Perhaps), John Mitchel, Lynch, Cole & Meehan, 1873
• History of Ireland, from the Treaty of Limerick to the present time, John Mitchel, Cameron & Ferguson
• History of Ireland, from the Treaty of Limerick to the present time (2 Vol), John Mitchel, James Duffy, 1869
• Thomas Davis, Sir Charles Gavan Duffy, Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. Ltd., 1890
• My Life In Two Hemispheres (2 Vol), Sir Charles Gavan Duffy T. Fisher Unwin, 1898
• Young Ireland, Sir Charles Gavan Duffy, Cassell, Petter, Galpin & Co., 1880
• Four Years of Irish History: 1845-1849, Sir Charles Gavan Duffy, Cassell, Petter, Galpin & Co., 1888
• A Popular History of Ireland: from the Earliest Period to the Emancipation of the Catholics, Thomas D'Arcy McGee, Cameron & Ferguson (Text at Project Gutenberg)
• Davis, Poem’s and Essays Complete, Introduction by John Mitchel, P. M. Haverty, P.J. Kenedy, 9/5 Barclay St. New York, 1876.

Additional Reading

• The Politics of Irish Literature: from Thomas Davis to W. B. Yeats ([1])Malcolm Brown, Allen & Unwin, 1973
• John Mitchel, A Cause Too Many, Aidan Hegarty, Camlane Press.
• Thomas Davis, The Thinker and Teacher, Arthur Griffith, M.H. Gill & Son, 1922.
• Brigadier-General Thomas Francis Meagher: His Political and Military Career, Capt. W. F. Lyons, Burns Oates & Washbourne Ltd., 1869
• Young Ireland and 1848, Dennis Gwynn, Cork University Press 1949.
• Daniel O'Connell: The Irish Liberator, Dennis Gwynn, Hutchinson & Co, Ltd.
• O'Connell, Davis and the Collages Bill, Dennis Gwynn, Cork University Press 1948.
• Smith O’Brien And The “Secession”, Dennis Gwynn, Cork University Press
• Meagher of The Sword, Arthur Griffith (editor), M. H. Gill & Son, Ltd. 1916.
• Young Irelander Abroad: The Diary of Charles Hart, Brendan O'Cathaoir (editor), University Press.
• John Mitchel: First Felon for Ireland, Brian O'Higgins (editor/publisher), 1947.
• Labour in Ireland, James Connolly, Fleet Street 1910.
• The Re-Conquest of Ireland, James Connolly, Fleet Street 1915.
• John Mitchel: Noted Irish Lives, Louis J. Walsh, The Talbot Press Ltd., 1934.
• Thomas Davis: Essays and Poems, Centenary Memoir, M. H Gill, M. H. Gill & Son, Ltd., 1945.
• Life of John Martin, P. A. Sillard, James Duffy & Co., Ltd 1901.
• Life of John Mitchel, P. A. Sillard, James Duffy and Co., Ltd 1908.
• John Mitchel, P. S. O'Hegarty, Maunsel & Company, Ltd., 1917.
• The Fenians in Context: Irish Politics & Society 1848-82, R. V. Comerford, Wolfhound Press, 1998
• William Smith O'Brien and the Young Ireland Rebellion of 1848, Robert Sloan, Four Courts Press, 2000
• Irish Mitchel, Seamus MacCall, Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd., 1938.
• Ireland Her Own, T. A. Jackson, Lawrence & Wishart Ltd 1976.
• Life and Times of Daniel O'Connell, T. C. Luby, Cameron & Ferguson.
• Young Ireland, T. F. O'Sullivan, The Kerryman Ltd., 1945.
• Paddy's Lament: Ireland 1846-1847, Prelude to Hatred, Thomas Gallagher, Poolbeg 1994.
• The Great Shame, Thomas Keneally, Anchor Books 1999.
• James Fintan Lalor, Thomas P. O'Neill, Golden Publications 2003.
• Charles Gavan Duffy: Conversations With Carlyle (1892), with Introduction, Stray Thoughts On Young Ireland, Brendan Clifford, Athol Books, Belfast, ISBN 0 85034 1140. (p. 32)
• Envoi, Taking Leave of Roy Foster, by Brendan Clifford and Julianne Herlihy, Aubane Historical Society, Cork.
• The Falcon Family, or, Young Ireland, by M. W. Savage, London, 1845 (An Gorta Mor), Quinnipiac University

References

• Fergus O'Ferrall, Daniel O'Connell (Gill's Irish Lives Series), Gill & MacMillan, Dublin, 1981.
• Seán Ó Faoláin, King of the Beggars: A Life of Daniel O'Connell, 1938.
• Maurice R. O'Connell, The Correspondence of Daniel O'Connell (8 Vols), Dublin, 1972-1980.
• Oliver MacDonagh, O'Connell: The Life of Daniel O'Connell 1775-1847 1991.
• J. O'Connell, ed., The Life and Speeches of Daniel O'Connell (2 Vols), Dublin, 1846.

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