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Cessna Citation
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The Cessna Citation is a marketing name used by Cessna for its lines of business jets. Rather than one particular model of aircraft, the name applies to several "families" of turbofan-powered aircraft which have been produced over the years. Within each of the six distinct families, aircraft design improvements, market pressures and re-branding efforts have resulted in a number of variants, so that the Citation lineage has become quite complex. Military variants include the T-47 and UC-35 series aircraft.
Contents
- 1 Citation product line lineage overview
- 2 Original Citation family
- 2.1 FanJet 500
- 2.2 Citation I series
- 2.3 Citation II series
- 2.4 Citation V
- 2.5 Citation Ultra and Encore
- 2.6 Citation Bravo
- 3 Operators
- 4 Specifications Cessna S550 Citation S/II
- 5 Related Content
- 6 References
- 7 External links
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Citation product line lineage overview
- FanJet 500, the prototype for the original Citation family, first flew 1969-09-15.[1]
- Citation I (Model 500) originally called the Citation 500 before Cessna finally settled on Citation I, by which time the design had changed quite a bit from the FanJet 500. The original Citation I was one of the first light corporate jets to be powered by turbofan engines. Production ceased in 1985.[2]
- Citation I/SP (Model 501) single-pilot operations[3]
- Citation II (Model 550) a larger stretched development of the Model 500 first produced in 1978. Initially replaced by the S/II in production, but was brought back and produced side-by-side with the S/II until the Bravo was introduced.[4][5]
- T-47 (Model 552) is the military designation of the Citation II. The U.S. Navy purchased 15 T-47A aircraft as radar system trainers, and the DoD purchased five OT-47B models for drug interdiction reconnaissance.[6]
- Citation II/SP (Model 551) single-pilot operations[4][7]
- Citation V (Model 560), growth variant of the Citation II/SP JT15D-5A[8][9]
- Citation Ultra (Model 560) upgraded Citation V with JT15D-5D, EFIS instruments[9]
- UC-35A Army transport version of the V Ultra.
- UC-35C Marine Corps version of the V Ultra.[10]
- Citation Encore (Model 560) upgraded Citation Ultra with PW535A engines and improved trailing-link landing gear[9]
- UC-35B Army transport version of the Encore.
- UC-35D Marine Corps version of the Encore.[10]
- Citation Encore+ (Model 560) upgraded Encore includes FADEC and a redesigned avionics.[9]
- Citation S/II (Model S550) incorporated a number of improvements, especially an improved wing. Replaced the II in production.[4][11]
- Citation Bravo (Model 550) updated II and S/II with new PW530A engines, landing gear and Primus 1000 avionics.[12][13] The last Citation Bravo rolled off the production line in late 2006, ending a nearly 10 year production run of 337 aircraft.[14]
- Citation III (Model 650) all-new design.[15][16][17]
- Citation IV was a proposed upgrade of the III, but was cancelled by Cessna.[15]
- Citation VI (Model 650) was a low-cost derivative of the III which had a different avionics suite and non-custom interior design.[15][16]
- Citation VII (Model 650) was an upgrade of the III that was in production from 1992 to 2000.[15][18]
- Citation X (Model 750) (X as in the Roman numeral for ten), an all-new design, the fastest civilian aircraft in the world since the retirement of Concorde.[19] 24 feet of stand-up cabin space.[20]
- Citation Excel (Model 560XL), utilized a shortened Citation X fuselage combined with the V Ultra's straight wing and the V's tail; used new PW545A engines.[21][22] Includes a stand-up cabin.
- Citation XLS, evolved from the Excel
- Citation XLS+ which includes FADEC (Full Authority Digital Engine Control) and a redesigned avionics system.[23]
- Citation Sovereign (Model 680), utilizes a stretched version of the Excel's fuselage with an all-new moderately swept wing.[24][25] Stand-up cabin is 24 feet long.[26]
- CitationJet (Model 525) essentially an all-new design, the only carry-over being the Citation I's forward fuselage.[27] The 525 series models all feature a shorter cabin; Not a stand-up.
- CJ1 (Model 525) Improved version of the CitationJet[27]
- CJ1+ (Model 525) Improved version of the CJ1 with new engines, avionics, and FADEC[28][29]
- CJ2 (Model 525A) Stretched version of the CJ1.[27]
- CJ2+ (Model 525A) Improved version of the CJ2 with increased performance, improved avionics, and FADEC.[30]
- CJ3 (Model 525B) Extension of the CJ2.[31]
- CJ4 (Model 525C) An extension of the CJ3, with new Williams FJ44-4 engines and the moderately swept wing borrowed from the Sovereign.[32] The first flight of the CJ4 is slated for the first half of 2008 with customer deliveries to follow in 2010.[33]
Original Citation family
The Citation name also frequently applies to the original straight-wing family of jets, each of which has evolved from the first Citation I.
FanJet 500
In October, 1968, Cessna announced plans to build an eight-place business jet that, unlike its competition, would be suitable for operations from shorter airfields, essentially aiming to compete in the light-to-medium twin
turboprop market, rather than the existing business jet market. First flight of the prototype aircraft, then called the
FanJet 500, took place a little under a year later, on
September 15,
1969 in aviation[1]
Citation I series
After a longer-than-expected development flight test program, during which the name Citation 500 was tried, and a number of changes to the design, the finished aircraft was debuted with the new name Citation (Model 500) and received its FAA certification in September, 1971. The aircraft was powered by two Pratt & Whitney Canada JT15D-1 turbofan engines. With fan engines, rather than turbojet engines such as powered the contemporary Learjet 25, and a straight, rather than swept wings, the Citation was over 120 knots slower than the Lear 25 (max speed of 350 kts compared with 473 kts for the LJ25), which led to nicknames such as "Slowtation" and "Nearjet", and raised eyebrows in the aviation media.[1][35]
In 1976, several product improvements were added to the aircraft in response to market pressures, including a higher max gross weight and thrust reversers, which made shorter landing fields available to customers. With these improvements came the name Citation I[1]
When production on the Citation I finally ended in 1985, 377 airframes had been built.[2] The aircraft's position in the Citation product line was not filled until much later, with the introduction of the Cessna CitationJet.
Like the Learjets, the Citation I required a crew of two. But since the Citation was intended to be marketed against twin turboprops, which can be flown by a single pilot, this restriction limited its intended market. Cessna's answer was the Model 501
Citation I/SP, with
SP referring to its certified single-pilot capability. The aircraft was first delivered in early 1977, and a total of 312 aircraft were produced, and production also ended in 1985.
[1][3] New York Yankees catcher Thurman Munson was killed in his Citation I/SP on August 2, 1979 while practicing takeoffs and landings.
[36]
Citation II series
The
Citation II, Model 550, was a direct development from the Citation I.
[1] The earlier aircraft's success in the market led Cessna to believe there was demand for a larger aircraft that utilized the same design philosophy. The result was the Citation II, which had a maximum seating capacity of 10. In addition to more seats, the plane had more powerful JT15D4 engines, faster speeds and longer range. First flight was on
January 31,
1977, and the aircraft was certified for two-pilot operation in March, 1978.
[4] A total of 603 aircraft were built before the Citation II was replaced by the Bravo in the production line.
[5]
Like the Citation I/SP, the Model 551 Citation II/SP as Cessna's means of competing in the turboprop market, which predominantly are operated single-pilot, so the aircraft was re-certified for single-pilot operations.
The Model 552 T-47A was the designation given by the U.S. Navy to the Citation II. Fifteen aircraft were purchased by the Navy to train its F-14 Tomcat Radar Intercept Officers. The T-47A was modified by incorporating JT15D5 engines, shortened wings, multiple radar consoles and the AN/APQ-159 radar system from the F-14.[37] All but one were destroyed in a hangar fire, and the Navy replaced them with upgraded T-39s[38] Another version of the Model 552 was the OT-47B, five of which were purchased by the Department of Defense for use in drug interdiction reconnaissance operations, based at Maxwell Air Force Base. The OT-47B utilized the F-16's APG-66(V) fire control radar system and the WF-360TL imaging system.[6]
In October, 1983, Cessna announced that they would be improving the aircraft, and the upgraded Model S550 Citation S/II first flew February 14, 1984. The aircraft utilized an improved version of the engine, JT15D4B, while the rest of the improvements were aerodynamic in nature. The wing was replaced with one using a supercritical airfoil, which had been developed for the Citation III. The S/II was certified, like the II/SP, with a single-pilot exemption. Once certification was in hand, the S/II replaced the II in the product line in late 1984. However, due to market demands, the II was returned to production the following year, and both were produced side-by-side until replaced by the Bravo.[4]
Citation V
After stretching the Citation I to make the II, Cessna decided to increase the size of the cabin again, stretching the fuselage by another 20 inches, resulting in the largest member of the straight-wing family, the Model 560
Citation V. The first engineering prototype flew in August, 1987, and certification was granted in December, 1988. The aircraft utilized the T-47A's JT15D5A engines for extra performance. By the time the aircraft was superseded in 1994, 262 had been built.
[8]
Citation Ultra and Encore
In 1993, Cessna decided to update the Citation V design, and announced that the Citation Ultra, with the main differences being in the engines, which were the latest JT15D-5D version, and the standard avionics suite, which was updated to the Honeywell Primus 1000 EFIS glass cockpit. The Primus 1000 replaced the standard "round dial" flight instruments with three CRT computer screens, one for each pilot and one center mulifunction display.[8] In 1994, the Ultra was named Flying magazine's "Best Business Jet". The Ultra was produced from 1994-1999.
The UC-35A is the U.S. Army designation and UC-35C is the U.S. Marine Corps designation for the Citation Ultra, which replaced older versions of the C-12 Huron.[39]
Five years later, in 1998, the Model 560 was upgraded again as the Citation Encore, with Pratt & Whitney Canada PW535A engines and an increase in fuel capacity.[8][40] The Encore was certified in April 2000 with first delivery in late September 2000. The next upgrade was the Citation Encore+, with the addition of FADEC-controlled PW535B engines and Rockwell-Collins Pro Line 21 avionics suite.[41] The Encore+ was certified by the FAA in December 2006, with deliveries of production aircraft expected in the first quarter of 2007.
The UC-35B is the Army designation and UC-35D is the Marine Corps designation for the Citation Encore.[42][10]
Citation Bravo
By 1994, the Citation II and S/II had been in production for 10 years, and it was time to integrate new technology. Cessna thus announced the development of the Citation Bravo. While it was built on the basic S/II airframe, the new aircraft was powered by Pratt & Whitney Canada PW530A engines. The main landing gear was replaced by the smoother-riding trailing link configuration adopted by other members of the Citation line, and the standard avionics suite was updated to the Honeywell Primus 1000 EFIS glass cockpit.[13] The new aircraft first flew on April 25, 1995, but certification did not come for over a year, finally being granted in August, 1996.[4] Production of the Bravo finally ceased in late 2006 after 337 copies were produced.[14]
Operators
Military operators
Specifications Cessna S550 Citation S/II
General characteristics
Performance
For an explanation of the units and abbreviations in this list, please see Wikipedia:WikiProject Aircraft/Units key.
Related Content
Similar Aircraft: Learjet 35/36, Learjet 45, Beechjet 400
References
- ^ a b c d e f The Cessna 500 & 501 Citation, Citation I & Citation I/SP at Airliners.net
- ^ a b Citation I info from Aviation Safety Network
- ^ a b Citation I/SP info from Aviation Safety Network
- ^ a b c d e f The Cessna Citation II & Bravo from Airliners.net
- ^ a b Citation II info from Aviation Safety Network
- ^ a b OT-47B information from GlobalSecurity.org
- ^ Citation II/SP info from Aviation Safety Network
- ^ a b c d The Cessna 560 Citation V, Ultra & Encore from Airliners.net
- ^ a b c d Citation V, Ultra and Encore info from Aviation Safety Network
- ^ a b c "NAVAIR Oversees Final Marine Corps Cessna Citation Encore Delivery" May 24, 2006
- ^ Citation S550 info from Aviation Safety Network
- ^ Citation Bravo info from Aviation Safety Network
- ^ a b "Cessna Citation Bravo Light Business Jet Cessna Citation Bravo Light Business Jet, USA", Aerospace-Technology.com
- ^ a b Cessna Press Release Recent Milestones for Cessna’s Citation Business Jet Programs July 17, 2006
- ^ a b c d The Cessna Citation III, VI & VII from Airliners.net
- ^ a b Citation III and VI info from Aviation Safety Network
- ^ "Cessna Citation CJ3 Business Jet Cessna Citation CJ3 Business Jet, USA", Aerospace-Technology.com
- ^ Citation VII info from Aviation Safety Network
- ^ The Cessna Citation X from Airliners.net
- ^ Cessna Citation X web site
- ^ The Cessna 560XL Citation Excel from Airlines.net
- ^ Citation Excel info from Aviation Safety Network
- ^ Cessna XLS+ web site
- ^ The Cessna 680 Citation Sovereign from Airliners.net
- ^ Citation 680 Sovereign info from Aviation Safety Network
- ^ Cessna Sovereign web site
- ^ a b c The Cessna CitationJet, CJ1 & CJ2 from Airliners.net
- ^ Cessna Citation CJ1+ web site
- ^ "New Cessna Citation CJ1 Receives FAA Type Certification", Jobwerx News
- ^ Cessna CJ2+ web site
- ^ Cessna Citation CJ3 web site
- ^ Cessna Citation CJ4 web site
- ^ Cessna Press Release Cessna Launches Citation CJ4 at NBAA; Starts Show with 70 Orders Cessna In the News, October 16, 2006
- ^ Cessna Citation Mustang web site
- ^ Aircraft Nicknames
- ^ NTSB Thurman Munson accident brief
- ^ Model Designation of Military Aerospace Vehicles, Department of Defense, Publication DoD 4120.15-L, 2004-05-12
- ^ Global Security.org article on the T-47A
- ^ UC-35A information from GlobalSecurity.org
- ^ Citation Encore specifications from Cessna
- ^ Citation Encore+ specifications from Cessna
- ^ UC-35B information from GlobalSecurity.org
