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Conceptions of the capital of Japan before the Meiji restorationDuring the Edo Era, Japan was often said to have three capitals, or miyako (京). Edo was the capital of the Tokugawa shogunate, Kyoto was the residence of the Emperor of Japan (therefore making it the capital of culture and tradition), and Osaka was the unofficial capital of the merchants. [2] Arguments in favor of Tokyo as capitalThe location of the Diet
The "capital area" in Japanese lawWhile no laws have designated Tokyo as the Japanese capital, many laws have defined a "capital area" (首都圏 shutoken) that incorporates Tokyo. Article 2 of the Capital Area Consolidation Law (首都圏整備法) of 1956 states that "In this Act, the term 'capital area' shall denote a broad region comprising both the territory of Tokyo Metropolis as well as outlying regions designated by cabinet order." This clearly implies that the government has designated Tokyo as the capital of Japan, although (again) it is not explicitly stated, and the definition of the "capital area" is purposely restricted to the terms of that specific law. [4] Other laws referring to this "capital area" include the Capital Expressway Public Corporation Law (首都高速道路公団法) [5] and the Capital Area Greenbelt Preservation Law (首都圏近郊緑地保全法) [6]. This term for capital was never used to refer to Kyoto. Indeed, shuto came into use during the 1860s as a gloss of the English term "capital." [7] Official government positions
Recently, there is a movement for transferring the capital from Tokyo, and the Gifu-Aichi region, the Mie-Kio region and other regions bid for it. Officially, the relocation is referred to as "capital functions relocation" instead of "capital relocation," or as "relocation of the Diet and other organizations." [9]
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