Caddo

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This is an article about the Caddo ethnic group; see also Caddo County, Oklahoma.

Caddo
Image:Southern Cult Solar Cross.jpg A Caddo solar cross, a religious symbol of both the sun and fire.
Total population
circa 1500: 200,000 [dubious — see talk page][citation needed] circa 1700: 8,000 circa 1990s: 3,371
Regions with significant populations
United States – Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas
Languages
3 separate dialects of Caddo and English
Religions
Related ethnic groups
Native American  North American natives   Southeast natives    Caddo     < Anadarko>     < Adai>     < Hai-ish>     < Hasinai>     < Kadohadacho>     < Nacogdoches>     < Natchitoches>     < Yatasi> "Sibling" groups: Native American  North American natives   Great Plains natives    Pawnee   Southeast natives    Wichita

The Caddo are a nation, or group of tribes, of Southeastern Native Americans who, in the 16th century, inhabited much of what is now East Texas, western Louisiana and portions of southern Arkansas and Oklahoma. The Caddo historically consisted of three confederacies of at least twenty five different tribes and spoke a variety of dialects of the Caddoan languages. Today the Caddo are a cohesive tribe with their capital at Binger, Oklahoma, and the Caddoan dialects have converged into a single language. The current Chairperson of the Caddo is LaRue Parker.

This article covers the Caddo as a tribe, or nation. For other Caddoan languages see: Caddoan languages

Contents 1 History 2 Geography 3 Culture 4 Institutions 5 See also 6 External links 7 References

History

The oral traditions of the Caddo suggest that they developed their culture in Arkansas and spread out to the south and west from there. At one time both the Wichita and Pawnee were part of the same nation as the Caddo, a fact attested to in that the Wichita and Pawnee spoke Caddoan languages. Between 500 and 800 AD the Caddo emerged as distinct and separate nation.

The Caddo tribes were divided into three confederacies, which were linked by a common language; the Hasinai, Kadohadacho, and the Natchitoches. The Haisinai and Kadohadacho lived in what is now East Texas and the Natchitoches in what is now Northwestern Louisiana. The Haisinai lived in the land from the Nacogdoches, Texas, which was originally a Caddo settlement, area to the Neches River. The Haisinai were given the name Tejas by Spanish Explorers, based on the Caddo word táysha?, "friend", and this later became the source of the name "Texas" (Bolton 2002:63-64). The Kadohadacho settled the land from the Caddo Lake area to the Red River. The Nachitoches settled around Natchitoches, Louisiana, which was originally a Caddo settlement, and in the Cane River Valley.

The Caddo first encountered Europeans in 1542 when the Hernando de Soto Expedition came through their lands. De Soto's force had a violent clash with one band of Caddo Indians, recorded by his expedition as the 'Tula', near Caddo Gap, Arkansas. This event is marked by a monument that stands in the small town today. With the arrival of missionaries from Spain and France a small pox epidemic broke out that decimated the population. The Caddo invited the European missionaries to return and upon their return a worse epidemic reduced the population to only 1,000.

In 1859, the state of Texas removed the remaining Caddo from its territory to a reservation in Oklahoma and in 1874 the Caddo officially united as a distinct tribe.

Geography

The Caddo lived in the Piney Woods eco-region of the United States up to the foothills of the Ozark Mountains and often near the Caddo River. The Piney Woods is a dense forest of deciduous and conifer flora covering rolling hills, steep river valleys, and intermittent wetlands called Bayous. Several Caddo villages were resettled, including the community of Elysian Fields, Texas, and Nacogdoches and Nachitoches both of which have kept their original names. The Caddo were progressively moved further west until they reached what is now western Oklahoma. The geography of the drier plains was quite a contrast to the lush hilly forest that were formerly their homeland.

Culture

To be written along the lines of Wikipedia:WikiProject Ethnic Groups Template

Institutions

The Caddo Tribe of Oklahoma is a federally recognized tribe. It is currently considering changing its official name to the Caddo Nation of Oklahoma. A tribal constitution, adopted in 1938 and revised in 1976, provides for a tribal council consisting of eight members with a chairperson, based in Binger, Oklahoma. They maintain administrative centers, dance grounds, and several community centers. Several programs exist to invigorate Caddo traditions.

See also

• Caddoan village bundle

Wikipedia information about Caddo This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Caddo". It may not have been reviewed by professional editors (see full disclaimer). Help contribute to Americola and edit this article.