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Bowling for Columbine is a documentary film directed by and starring Michael Moore. It won numerous awards, including an Academy Award for Best Documentary Features, the César Award for Best Foreign Film.[1] It received criticism as well as praise for its genre and claims. The film opened on October 11, 2002, and it brought Moore international attention.
Film contentThe film explores what Moore suggests are the causes for the Columbine High School massacre and other acts of violence with guns. Moore focuses on the background and environment in which the massacre took place, and some common public opinions and assumptions about related issues. The film looks into the nature of violence in the United States, focusing on guns as a symbol of both American freedom and its self-destruction.
Spoiler warning: Plot and/or ending details follow.
BowlingThe film title originates from the story that Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, the two young men responsible for the Columbine High School massacre, went bowling early that morning, at 6:00 am, before they committed the attacks at school starting at 11:18 am. Later investigation showed that this was based on mistaken recollections, and Glenn Moore of the Golden Police Department concluded that they were absent on the day of the attack.[2] Moore incorporates the concept of bowling in other ways as well. For example, a Michigan militia uses bowling pins for their target practice. When interviewing former classmates of the two boys, Moore notes that the students took a bowling class in place of physical education. Moore notes this might have very little educational value and the girls he interviews generally agreed. The girls note how Harris and Klebold had a very introverted lifestyle and a very careless attitude towards the game and nobody thought twice about it. Moore asks if the school system is responding to the real needs of their students or if they are reinforcing fear. Moore also interviews two young residents of Oscoda, Michigan, in a local bowling alley and learns that guns are relatively easy to come by in the small town. Eric Harris spent some of his early years in Oscoda while his father was serving in the U.S. Air Force. Moore suggests that bowling could have been as responsible for the attacks on the school as Marilyn Manson or even Bill Clinton, who launched bombing attacks on several countries around that time[citation needed]. Free gun for opening a bank account
Just before leaving the bank, Moore asks if it is not dangerous handing out guns in banks. Michigan MilitiaMoore visits a target practice session for members of the Michigan Militia. He gets their general views on gun ownership, including "You can't expect the police to protect you", "If you're not armed, you're not responsible." One militiaman says he has an M16 rifle as a personal weapon at home. Weapons of mass destructionEarly in the movie Moore links the violent behaviour of the Columbine shooters to the presence in Littleton of a large defense establishment, manufacturing rocket technology. It is implied that the presence of this facility, and the acceptance of institutionalized violence as a solution, contributed to the mindset that led to the massacre. Moore conducts an interview with Evan McCollum, Director of Communications at a Lockheed Martin plant near Columbine, and asked him
McCollum responded:
"What a Wonderful World"The movie then cuts to a montage of American foreign policy decisions, with the intent to contradict McCollum's statement, and cite examples of how the United States has, in Moore's view, frequently been the aggressor nation (set to the song "What a Wonderful World" performed by Louis Armstrong). The following is an exact transcript of the onscreen text in the Wonderful World segment:
On the website accompanying the film, Moore provides additional background information. [3] Climate of fearMoore's central theme is that the Columbine massacre is not merely a product of the easy availability of guns in the US, but also of the 'climate of fear' that he contends is engendered by American media and society. He illustrates this with news clips, each tending to indicate the prominence given to violence and crime in news reports. Interviews also illustrate the 'security-minded' attitude of US residents. Moore attempts to contrast this with the attitude prevailing in Canada, where he states that gun ownership is at similar levels to the US. He illustrates his thesis with by visiting neighbourhoods in Canada, near the Canada-US border, where he finds front doors unlocked and much less concern over crime and security. In this section a montage of possible causes for gun violence are stated from television personae. Many claim links with violence in television, cinema and computer games; towards the end of the montage, however, a series of statements all claim Marilyn Manson's responsibility. Following this is an interview between Moore and Marilyn Manson. When Moore brings up the mention of the Columbine shootings, Manson agrees that parents blame the subject matter of his songs for the violence in schools. However, it is purely for media and sales, not for encouraging people to engage in violence. Manson shares his belief with Moore, stating that he believes U.S. society is based on "fear and consumption," citing Colgate commercials that promise "people aren't going to talk to you [if you have bad breath]" and other commercials containing fear-based messages; "girls aren't going to fuck you [if you have acne.]" Manson states that if he could have spoken to the killers and the students that day, "I wouldn't say a thing. I would just listen to them...and that's what nobody did." K-mart refundMoore takes some of the Columbine victims to American superstore K-mart headquarters in Troy, Michigan, ostensibly to claim a refund on the bullets still lodged in their bodies. After a number of attempts to evade the issue, a K-mart spokesperson says that the firm will change its policy and phase out the sale of ammunition. "We've won," says Moore, in disbelief. "That was more than we asked for." Charlton HestonAt the end of the movie Moore secures an interview with NRA president Charlton Heston, who presided at an annual NRA meeting at Denver, near Littleton, shortly after the Littleton incident, despite having been asked to stay away by the mayor and other leaders. Moore describes himself truthfully as an NRA member when securing the interview, but does not give the purpose of the movie he is making. He questions and challenges Heston about the NRA's presence and its appropriateness. Heston reacts to these challenges by walking away from the interview (with the cameras still rolling). Moore leaves a photograph of a six year old school shooting victim in Heston's house when he departs. ReceptionReviews for the film were overwhelmingly positive, with a 96% rating on rottentomatoes.com among professional film critics and a 93% rating among the "cream of the crop," thus earning a "certified fresh" award. Michael Wilmington of the Chicago Tribune wrote, "It's unnerving, stimulating, likely to provoke anger and sorrow on both political sides -- and, above all, it's extremely funny." [4] Some reviews were not as unequivocally glowing. A.O. Scott of the New York Times warned, "The slippery logic, tendentious grandstanding and outright demagoguery on display in Bowling for Columbine should be enough to give pause to its most ardent partisans, while its disquieting insights into the culture of violence in America should occasion sober reflection from those who would prefer to stop their ears." [5] . Desson Thomson of the Washington Post thought that the film lacked a coherent message, asking "A lot of this is amusing and somehow telling. But what does it all add up to?" [6] Specific criticismsGun ownershipMoore argues that high gun ownership is not responsible for violence in America, and instead that there must be something about the structure of American society, the American psyche or the media that makes the nation uniquely prone to high rates of murder and shootings. In support of his claims, Moore argues that Canadian gun ownership levels are comparable to those of the U.S. In the online blog Spinsanity, Ben Fritz asserts that "Moore ignores the fact that Canada has significantly fewer handguns and a much stricter gun licensing system."[7] Charlton HestonMoore has been accused of editing several recordings of Heston's speeches, including speeches from long before Columbine, to create the impression that Heston made all such statements in a single speech and all with relation to Columbine.[citation needed] Moore is also accused of editing Heston's remarks during his interview to make him appear to be racist; such critics point to Heston's early and continued support for civil rights (including public appearances for and with Martin Luther King, Jr.) as evidence that Heston is not a racist and that Moore is not portraying him accurately.[citation needed] Heston literally states on camera "I'm exercising one of the rights passed on down to me from those wise old dead white guys that invented this country". There is a cut immediately preceding this remark, so there is a chance the viewer does not get to hear what was said by either Moore or Heston immediately before it. When Moore explains his findings about the USA inexplicably being the country with the highest rate of gun violence in the developed world, Heston states "Well, we have probably a more mixed ethnicity than other countries." In an interview for British television on the DVD, Moore claims he, in contrast to certain other media personalities, deliberately avoids influencing his interviewees, but just asks his questions and lets them answer whatever is on their mind. Ignoring the role of municipal governanceThe American Prospect published a piece by Garance Franke-Ruta criticizing the movie for ignoring the role that municipal governance plays in crime in America, and ignoring African-American urban victims of crime to focus on the unusual events of Columbine. "A decline in murders in New York City alone—from 1,927 in 1993 to 643 in 2001 — had, for example, a considerable impact on the declining national rate. Not a lot of those killers or victims were the sort of sports-hunters or militiamen Moore goes out of his way to interview and make fun of."[8] Free gun when you open a bank accountIn March 2003, John Fund reported in a Wall Street Journal diary page that the bank employee who handled Moore's account, Jan Jacobson, claimed that Moore had arranged the transaction weeks in advance, and that customers have "a week to 10 days waiting period" before collecting their guns. [9] Moore later responded to these criticisms, writing,"Nothing was done out of the ordinary other than to phone ahead and ask permission to let me bring a camera ..." He also states that the background check took less than 10 minutes and he was handed the rifle 5 minutes later. To back up his version of events, he posted out-takes from the documentary. The video shows Jacobson explaining the process to Moore, including that the rifles are held in the bank's vault.[10] The footage in which an employee states that the guns are stored in the bank's vault appears in televised broadcasts of the film. The faux history cartoonBowling for Columbine includes a brief interview with South Park co-creator Matt Stone, who suggests that South Park was largely inspired by Stone's childhood experiences in Littleton, Colorado. Stone recalls Littleton as painfully conformist and intolerant, turning teenagers into frustrated outcasts. Shortly afterward, an animated segment, written by Moore and produced by FlickerLab, attempts to link America's supposed enthusiasm for guns to racism, and at one point depicts the National Rifle Association and Ku Klux Klan as interchangeable institutions of white supremacy. Matt Stone and Trey Parker were first asked to animate it. Stone, and Team America co-creator Trey Parker, who oppose gun control[11], have objected to the close similarities between the style of the cartoon segment (which they played no part in producing) and that of South Park. [12] While publicising the 2004 film Team America: World Police, Stone explained that Team America depicts Moore as a suicide bomber in retaliation and the films protagonist describes him as a "Fat socialist weasel". Matt Stone later stated that he still thinks Michael Moore is "a nice guy," but he did not like the way Moore made it look as though he made the cartoon. Weapons of mass destructionAfter the release of the movie, McCollum has clarified that the plant no longer produces missiles (the plant manufactured parts for intercontinental ballistic missiles with a nuclear warhead in the mid-1980s), but rockets used for launching satellites. The plant was also used to take former nuclear missiles out of service, converting decommissioned Titan missiles into launch vehicles for satellites. [13] Moore later added to his statements from the movie, to say that satellites were equally responsible as nuclear missiles for US-instigated violence.[citation needed] As of 2005, Lockheed was still the world's largest defense contractor by revenue, which Moore states in the film.[14] What a Wonderful WorldIn the "What a Wonderful World" sequence, Moore claims that the United States trained and gave money to Osama bin Laden's terrorist groups. However, the bipartisan 9/11 Commission concluded in chapter 2 of its final report that the United States gave bin Laden himself little or no money or training.[15] They cite a passage from Ayman Al-Zawahiri's biography Knights Under the Prophet's Banner in which Al-Zawahiri denies accepting any money from the US. [16] Awards and nominations
During the screening at the 2002 Cannes Film Festival the film received a 13-minute standing ovation. Saying "We do not want this war Mr. Bush" Michael Moore used his acceptance speech at the Academy Awards on March 23, 2003 as an opportunity to proclaim his opposition to the United States led invasion of Iraq, which had begun just a few days prior. GrossWith a budget of only $4,000,000, Bowling for Columbine grossed $40,000,000 worldwide, including $21,575,207 in the United States. The documentary also broke box office records internationally, becoming the highest-grossing documentary in the U.K., Australia, and Austria. These records were later eclipsed by Moore's Fahrenheit 9/11. AppendixSee also
Sources and notes
Further reading
Critical views
de:Bowling for Columbine es:Bowling for Columbine fr:Bowling for Columbine ko:볼링 포 콜롬바인 it:Bowling a Columbine hu:Kóla, puska, sültkrumpli nl:Bowling for Columbine ja:ボウリング・フォー・コロンバイン pl:Zabawy z bronią pt:Bowling for Columbine fi:Bowling for Columbine sv:Bowling for Columbine
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