Blond

Blond (or Blonde, see below) is a hair color found in certain mammals characterized by low levels of the dark pigment eumelanin. From degrees of almost light brown, to pale, almost white yellow, the various hues of blondness are found in a little less than 1.8% of the world's human population.^{[citation needed]}

The resultant visible hue depends on various factors, but always has some sort of yellowish color, going from the very pale blond caused by a patchy, scarce distribution of pigment, to reddish "strawberry" blond colors or golden brownish blond colors, the latter with more eumelanin. True blonds have the thinnest strands of hair while the strands of red hair are the thickest.

Etymology, spelling, and grammar

The word blond was first attested in English in 1481 and derives from Old French blont and meant "a colour midway between golden and light chestnut". It largely replaced the native term fair, from Old English faeger. The French (and thus also the English) word blond has two possible origins. Some linguists say it comes from Middle Latin Blundus, meaning yellow, others say it comes from Old Frankish *blund which would relate it to Old English blonden-feax meaning grey-haired, from blondan/blandan meaning to mix. Also, Old English beblonden meant dyed as ancient Germanic warriors were noted for dying their hair. The linguists who support the Latin origins however say that Middle Latin blundus was a vulgar pronunciation of Latin flavus, also meaning yellow. The word was reintroduced into English in the 17th century from French, and was until recently still felt as French, hence blonde for females and blond for males.^[1] Writers of English will still distinguish between the masculine blond and the feminine blonde^[2] and, as such, it is one of the few adjectives in English with separate masculine and feminine forms. However, many writers use only one of the spellings without regard to gender, and without a clear majority usage one way or another. The word is also often used as a noun to refer to a woman with blond hair, but some speakers see this usage as sexist^[2] and reject it. (Another hair color word of French origin, brunet(te), also functions in the same way in orthodox English.)

The word is also occasionally used, with either spelling, to refer to objects that have a color reminiscent of fair hair. Examples include dolls' hair, pale wood, and lager beer.

Origins

Lighter hair colors occur naturally in humans of all ethnicities, as rare mutations,^[3] but at such low rates that it is hardly noticeable in most populations, or is only found in children. In certain European populations, however, the occurrence of blond hair is more frequent, and often remains throughout adulthood, leading to misinterpretation that blondness is a European trait. Based on recent genetic information, it is probable that humans with blond hair became distinctly numerous in Europe about 11,000 to 10,000 years ago during the last Ice Age. Before then, Europeans mostly had black hair and dark eyes, which is predominant in the rest of the world.^[3]

A long standing question has been why certain populations in Europe evolved to have such high incidences of blond hair (and wide varieties of eye color) so relatively recently and quickly in the human evolution timescale. If the changes had occurred by the usual processes of evolution (natural selection), they would have taken about 850,000 years.^[3] But modern humans, emigrating from Africa, reached Europe only 35,000-40,000 years ago.^[3] A number of theories have been proposed, as follows.

Canadian anthropologist Peter Frost, under the aegis of University of St Andrews, published a study in March 2006 in the journal Evolution and Human Behavior that says blond hair evolved very quickly at the end of the last Ice Age by means of sexual selection.^[4] According to the study, the appearance of blond hair and blue eyes in some northern European women made them stand out from their rivals at a time of fierce competition for scarce males. The study argues that blond hair was produced higher in the Cro-Magnon descended population of the European region because of food shortages 10,000-11,000 years ago. Almost the only sustenance in northern Europe came from roaming herds of mammoths, reindeer, bison and horses and finding them required long, arduous hunting trips in which numerous males died, leading to a high ratio of surviving women to men. This hypothesis argues that women with blond hair posed an alternative that helped them mate and thus increased the number of blonds.

According to the authors of The History and Geography of Human Genes (1994), blond hair became predominant in Europe in about 3000 BC, in the area now known as Lithuania, among the recently arrived Proto-Indo-European settlers though the trait spread quickly through sexual selection into Scandinavia when that area was settled because men found women with blond hair attractive.^[5][6]

Relation to age and distribution on body

Blond hair is common in infants and children, so much so that the term "baby blond" is often used for very light-colored hair. Babies may be born with blond hair even among groups where adults rarely have blond hair, although such natal hair usually falls out quickly. Blond hair tends to turn darker with age, and many children born blond turn from anything between a light brown to dark brown before or during their teenage years.

The body hair of blonds is also blond, although terminal hair elsewhere on the body may be darker than hair on the head, and even brown. Vellus, on the other hand, may be very light or even transparent. Hair that grows from a mole or from a birthmark may be dark.

Distribution

Fair hair is a typical characteristic of the people of Northern and Central Europe. It is a minority in Southern Europe, though blonds are seen in regions such as Northern Italy. Apart from Europe, blond hair is present in various regions in the world, although they tend to appear less frequently.

Generally, blond hair in Europeans is associated with paler eye color (blue, green and light brown) and pale (sometimes freckled) skin tone. Strong sunlight also lightens hair of any pigmentation, to varying degrees, and causes many blond people to freckle, especially during childhood. Aboriginal Australians, especially in the west-central parts of the continent, also have a fairly high instance of yellow-brown hair,^[7][8] as high as 90-100% in some areas.^[9] The trait among Indigenous Australians is primarily associated with children and women, and sometimes the hair turns to a darker brown color as they age.^[10]

Some Guanches populations, particularly the now extinct aboriginal population of Tenerife, one of the Canary islands of the African Atlantic coast, were said by 14th century Spanish explorers to exhibit blonde hair and blue eyes.^[11][12] In Central and South Asia the same types of features were exhibited by the migratory Indo-Europeans until their assimilation as a distinct people. It is still found in higher frequency among some populations of Central Asia, particularly among the Kalash of Pakistan and the Nuristani people of Afghanistan.

Cultural reactions

In northern Europe fairy lore, fairies value blond hair in humans. Blond babies are more likely to be stolen and replaced with changelings, and young blonde women are more likely to be lured away to the land of the fairies.^[13]

Blond hair was commonly ascribed to the heroes and heroines of European fairy tales. This may occur in the text, as in Madame d'Aulnoy's La Belle aux cheveux d'or or The Beauty with Golden Hair, or in illustrations depicting the scenes.^[14] Only Snow White, because of her mother's wish for a child "as red as blood, as white as snow, as black as ebony", has dark hair.^[15]

Two notable sex icons of twentieth-century America who helped popularize the blond image were Jean Harlow and Marilyn Monroe. Monroe, who was pale blonde as a child though her hair darkened to a dark reddish blond, and Harlow, a natural ash blonde, both frequently portrayed stereotypical dumb blondes in their films. Jean Harlow is often credited^{[citation needed]} as being the person who made it acceptable in Western culture for ordinary women to artificially bleach their hair blonde without being perceived as prostitutes.

In the early twentieth century, blond hair was sometimes associated with a Nordic race, promoted by Nordicists such as Madison Grant and Alfred Rosenberg, while the "Aryan race" was conceived as a larger group, including the non-blonde "Alpine race". During World War II, blond hair was one of the traits used by Nazis to select Polish children for Germanization.

Many sub-categories of blonde hair have also been invented to describe someone with blonde hair more accurately. Examples include the following: Platinum Blonde and Towhead (nearly white; almost only found naturally in children, but occurring rarely among some adults); Sandy Blonde (similar to sand in color) Ash Blonde (usually quite fair and has some ashen (grey) color to it), Dirty Blonde and Dishwater Blonde (together with Ash Blonde, these three are much the same, describing a dark blonde shade, though the last two may be considered offensive); Golden or Honey Blonde (lighter, with a gold cast); Bottle Blonde (i.e., someone who bleaches their hair); Strawberry Blonde (with a reddish hue); Pool Blonde (greenish hair some people get after habitual use of a chlorinated pool); Hazy Blonde and Zebra Blonde (blonde/brunette with natural blonde/brown streaks in their hair; often occurs when hair is in a design that hides some hair under other hair while out in the sun for long periods of time).

In 2002 there was a worldwide hoax that scientists predicted blondes were eventually going to become extinct. The hoax cited WHO as the source of the scientific study. (see "Disappearing blonde gene" below).

Notes

1. ^ Origin of "blonde", from Etymonline.
2. ^ ^{a b} "Blond/Brunet" from The American Heritage Book of English Usage (1996)
3. ^ ^{a b c d} "Cavegirls were first blondes to have fun", from The Times. Note, the end of the Times article reiterates the Disappearing blonde gene hoax; the online version replaced it with a rebuttal.
4. ^ Abstract: "European hair and eye colour: A case of frequency-dependent sexual selection?" from Evolution and Human Behavior, Volume 27, Issue 2, Pages 85-103 (March 2006)
5. ^ Cavalli-Sforza, L. Luca; Menozzi, Paolo; and Piazza Alberto The History and Geography of Human Genes Princeton, New Jersey: 1994 Princeton University Press Page 266 -- Map of the incidence of the gene for blonde hair in Europe.
6. ^ Gentlemen Prefer Blondes
7. ^ http://anthro.palomar.edu/vary/vary_1.htm Anthro.palomar.edu
8. ^ http://www.gnxp.com/blog/2006/04/blonde-antipodals.php GNXP.com
9. ^ http://www.gnxp.com/blog/2005/08/blonde-australian-aboriginals.php GNXP.com
10. ^ http://www.gnxp.com/blog/2005/08/blonde-australian-aboriginals.php GNXP.com
11. ^ http://www.familytreedna.com/(czkb1cubrllp4y45bfy33aud)/public/Guanches-CanaryIslandsDNA/index.aspx Familytreedna.com
12. ^ http://washingtontimes.com/travel/20050421-090747-8069r.htm Washingtontimes.com
13. ^ Katharine Briggs, An Encyclopedia of Fairies, Hobgoblins, Brownies, Boogies, and Other Supernatural Creatures, "Golden Hair", p194. ISBN 0-394-73467-X
14. ^ Marina Warner, From the Beast to the Blonde: On Fairy Tales And Their Tellers, p 362-6 ISBN 0-374-15901-7
15. ^ Marina Warner, From the Beast to the Blonde: On Fairy Tales And Their Tellers, p 365 ISBN 0-374-15901-7

See also

Template:Commonscat

• Disappearing blonde gene (an unfounded hoax)
• Blonde jokes
• Dumb blonde
• Platinum Blonde
• Recessive genes
• Strawberry blonde

de:Blond es:Rubio fr:Blond (couleur) gd:Gruag bhàn he:בלונד nl:Blond ja:金髪 pl:Blond (kolor) pt:Loiro ru:Блондинка ru-sib:Беляна simple:Blonde sl:Blond sr:Плавуша fi:Vaaleahiuksisuus sv:Blond

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