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Bean
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Bean is a common name for large plant seeds of several genera of Fabaceae (formerly Leguminosae) used for food or feed. They are also known as legumes.
Contents
- 1 Name
- 2 History
- 3 Types of beans
- 4 Cultural aspects
- 5 Toxins
- 6 Flatulence
- 7 See also
- 8 Notes and references
- 9 External links
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Name
The term Bean originally referred to the seed of the broad bean, but was later broadened to include members of the genus Phaseolus such as the common bean or haricot and the runner bean and the related genus Vigna. The term is now applied in a general way to many other related plants such as soybeans, peas, lentils, vetches and lupins.
Bean can be used as a near synonym of
pulse, an edible
legume, though the term "pulses" is usually reserved for leguminous crops harvested for their dry grain.
Pulses usually excludes crops mainly used for oil extraction (like
soybean and
peanut) or those used exclusively for sowing purposes (
clover and
alfalfa). Leguminous crops harvested green for food, such as snap beans, green peas etc, are classified as vegetable crops.
In English usage 'beans' sometimes also refer to seeds or other organs of non leguminosae which bear a resemblance to the vegetable, for example coffee beans, castor beans and cocoa beans (which resemble bean seeds), and vanilla beans (which resemble the pods)
History
Beans -- legumes -- first appeared in southeast Asia during the late Neolithic era, at least 10,000 years ago.
Beans are one of the longest-cultivated plants, broad beans having been grown at least since ancient Egypt, green beans for six thousand years in the Americas.
Many modern dry beans come from old-world varieties of broad beans, but most of the kinds you eat fresh come from the Americas, being first seen by
Christopher Columbus during his conquest of a region of what may have been the
Bahamas, where they were grown in fields.
One especially famous use of beans by pre-Columbian people is the Three Sisters method of companion plant cultivation:
- On the east coast of what would come to be called the United States, some tribes would grow corn (maize), beans, and squash intermingled together. The corn would not be planted in rows as it is today, but in a checkerboard/hex fashion across a field, separate patches of one to four stalks each.
- Beans would be planted around the base of the developing stalks, and would vine their way up as the stalks grew. All American beans at that time were vine plants, "bush beans" having only been bred more recently. The cornstalks would work as a trellis for the beans, and the beans would provide much-needed nitrogen for the corn.
- Squash would then be planted in the spaces between the patches of corn in the field. They would be provided slight shelter from the sun by the corn, and would deter many animals from attacking the corn and beans, because their coarse, hairy vines and broad, stiff leaves are difficult or uncomfortable for animals like deer and racooons to walk through, crows to land on, et cetera.
Beans were an important alternative source of protein throughout old and new world history, and still are today. There are over 4,000 cultivars of bean on record in the United States, alone. However beans, like most plants, do not have a complete set of amino acids, and are therefore dangerous to depend upon as a sole source of protein -- indeed, there is some evidence that people who depend on soy beans for their protein actually suffer brain shrinkage.
An interesting modern example of the diversity of bean use is 15 bean soup, which, as the name implies, contains literally fifteen different varieties of bean.
Types of beans
Cultural aspects
The following traditional uses of beans refer to the broad bean.
- In some folk legends, such as in Estonia and the common Jack and the Beanstalk story, magical beans grow tall enough to bring the hero to the clouds. The Grimm Brothers collected a story in which a bean splits its sides laughing at the failure of others.
- Dreaming of a bean is sometimes said to be a sign of impending conflict, though others said they caused bad dreams.[citation needed]
- Pliny the Elder claimed that beans act as a laxative. He may have been referring to the seeds of the castor oil plant, which contain oils used as laxatives in ancient India.
- European folklore claims that planting beans on Good Friday or during the night-time is good luck.
- "Beans, Beans, the Musical Fruit" is a children's song about the flatulence often experienced after eating baked beans. The song is noteworthy for correctly identifying the bean as a fruit, not a vegetable.
- "Mame Chishiki", a Japanese phrase, means "bean knowledge" (not "knowledge of beans"). This is used to indicate any random trivia or miscellaneous knowledge displayed.
- In New Orleans, serving a meal of black-eyed peas on New Year's Day is thought to bring good luck in the upcoming year.
- "Beaning" someone has become a popular office game in which co-workers attempt to send an email from an unlocked computer in which the message must state something about beans. This game was made popular by the creators of gobruh.
Toxins
Some raw beans, for example kidney beans, contain harmful toxins (lectins) which need to be removed, usually by various methods of soaking and cooking. The soaking water from kidney beans should be discarded before boiling, and some authorities recommend changing the water during cooking as well.[citation needed] Cooking beans in a slow cooker, because of the lower temperatures often used, may not destroy toxins even though the beans do not smell or taste 'bad'[1] (though this should not be a problem if the food reaches boiling and stays there for some time).
Flatulence
Many edible beans, including broad beans and soybeans, contain oligosaccharides, a type of sugar molecule also found in cabbage. An anti-oligosaccharide enzyme is necessary to properly digest these sugar molecules. As a normal human digestive tract does not contain any anti-oligosaccharide enzymes, consumed oligosaccharides are typically digested by bacteria in the large intestine. This digestion process produces flatulence-causing gasses as a byproduct. This aspect of bean digestion is the basis for the children's rhyme "Beans, Beans, the Musical Fruit."
Some species of mold produce alpha-galactosidase, an anti-oligosaccharide enzyme, which humans can take to facilitate digestion of oligosaccharides in the small intestine. This enzyme, currently sold in the U.S. under the brand-name Beano, can be added to food or consumed separately.
See also
Notes and references
- ^ Phytohaemagglutinin, US FDA's Bad Bug Book or Foodborne Pathogenic Microorganisms and Natural Toxins Handbook. Notes that toxicity may be greater if heated to 80 °C than if consumed raw.
