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Acton is a suburban town in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States about twenty-one miles west-northwest of Boston along Route 2 west of Concord and about eleven miles southwest of Lowell. The population was 20,331 at the 2000 census. It is bordered by Westford and Littleton to the north, Concord and Carlisle to the east, Stow and Maynard to the south, and Boxborough to the west.
GeographyActon is located at . According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 20.3 square miles (52.5 km²), of which 20.0 square miles (51.7 km²) is land and 0.3 square miles (0.8 km²), or 1.53 percent, is water. Most of the land may be described as rocky hills. Almost all of Acton is forested, except for where it has been cleared for residential or agricultural use.
Acton has two primary stream systems: the Nashoba Brook system including the incoming streams Butter Brook, Will's Hole Brook and Conant Brook and the Fort Pond Brook system including the incoming streams Guggins Brook, Inch Brook, Grassy Pond Brook, Pratt's Brook and Coles Brook. Both stream systems empty into the Assabet River. Acton borders on Nagog Pond in the north, and there is a small artificial pond at Nara Park in North Acton. The five village centersWhile Acton Center has been the civic center of the town since the revolution, the four other villages centers earned there nomenclature from the names of their corresponding railroad station. A description of each center is below.
The current Master Plan for the town encourages development in the village centers in an attempt to prevent further sprawl and preserve open space in the rest of the town. Demographics
Of the 7,495 households, 43.1 percent had children under the age of eighteen living with them, 65.1 percent were married couples living together, 6.5 percent had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.1 percent were non-families. 21.4 percent of all households were made up of individuals and 5.3 percent had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.69 and the average family size was 3.19. The age distribution of the population was 29.5 percent under the age of 18, 4.3 percent from 18 to 24, 31.5 percent from 25 to 44, 26.4 percent from 45 to 64, and 8.4 percent 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females there were 97.2 males. For every 100 females age eighteen and over, there were 94.2 males. For those aged 25 years or older in Acton during the 2000 census, 97.8 percent had a high school degree or higher, 69.3 percent had a bachelor's degree or higher, and 33.9 percent had a graduate degree or higher. Also, 98.0 percent were employed with a mean commute time of 31.0 minutes. The median income for a household in the town was $91,624, and the median income for a family was $108,189. Males had a median income of $77,371 versus $47,113 for females. The per capita income for the town was $41,901. About 1.7 percent of families and 2.9 percent of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.4 percent of those under age 18 and 3.3 percent of those age 65 or over. HistoryMain article: History of Acton, Massachusetts Acton's history reflects the history of Massachusetts, New England, and the United States. Acton was first settled by Native Americans who used the Assabet, Sudbury and Concord rivers for transportation and the fields for farming seasonal crops. There is evidence of Native American settlements in Acton which go back 7000 years. When the colonists arrived in this area, the Native American population dropped dramatically due to European diseases for which they had no immunity. Colonization Era through Revolutionary EraImage:IsaacDavisMonument.jpg Isaac Davis Monument Concord was the first colonial town that was settled in this area. Concord residents used the land which is now Acton as grazing fields for their animals. The first colonial residents moved to Acton in 1639. Acton was established as an independent town in 1735. Acton has held annual town meetings since 1735, the records of which are held at Acton's Memorial Library. [1] Acton residents participated in the growing hostility with Great Britain by sending a list of grievances to King George III on Oct. 3rd, 1774. The anniversary of this day is celebrated in Acton as Crown Resistance Day. [2] At the beginning of the Revolutionary War, on April 19, 1775, a company of minutemen from Acton responded to the call to arms initiated by Paul Revere (who rode with other riders, William Dawes and Samuel Prescott, with Prescott the only one of the three who was able reach Acton itself) and fought at the North Bridge in Concord as part of the Battle of Lexington and Concord. The Acton minutemen were led by Captain Isaac Davis. When a company was needed to lead the advance on the bridge which was defended by the British regulars, Captain Davis was heard to reply, "I haven't a man who is afraid to go." The colonists advanced on the bridge; in the exchange of musket fire that followed, Captain Isaac Davis and Private James Hayward were killed and Abner Hosmer, also of Acton, was mortally wounded. Davis was the first officer to die in the American Revolutionary War. In Acton they refer to "the battle of Lexington, fought in Concord, by men of Acton." Each year on Patriot's Day (the 3rd Monday in April), the Acton Minutemen [3] lead a march from Acton Center to the Old North Bridge in Concord. This route is known as 'The Isaac Davis Trail' and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Since 1957, Acton's Troop 1 [4] of the Boy Scouts of America have organized an annual march along the Isaac Davis line of march, and since 1976 the "Scouters of the Isaac Davis Trail" have organized the annual Isaac Davis Camporee [5]. Industrialization and Civil WarDuring the 19th century, Acton participated in the growing Industrial Revolution. By the mid-1800s, Acton was an industrial center for the production of barrels (cooperage). There were also three gristmills and four sawmills in town.[1] In 1843, the railroad came to Acton. The Fitchburg Railroad was routed through South and West Acton so that it could serve the mills. South Acton became a busy rail center and was the division point for the Marlborough Branch Railroad which ran through the towns of Maynard, Sudbury and Hudson. With the railroad came increasing development in those areas. In addition to the Fitchburg Railroad, two others crossed the town: the Nashua and Acton, and the Framingham and Lowell. These two railroads shared a double track right-of-way that ran from West Concord (aka Concord Junction) through East Acton and then splitting in North Acton in the vicinity of Route 27 and Ledgerock Way. The Nashua and Acton, which took a circuitous route through Westford and Dunstable to reach Nashua, New Hampshire, was absorbed into the Boston and Maine Railroad system and abandoned in the mid 1920s. The Framingham & Lowell was part of the Northern Old Colony division of the New Haven Railroad. The last trains ran on the line in the early 1990s carrying lumber to North Acton. In 1850, the Fugitive Slave Act was passed. In response, Acton Town Meeting passed a set of resolutions condemning the Act. The governor of Massachusetts, John Albion Andrew, in 1861 urged all towns to prepare their militia units for the threatening war. On April 12th, 1861 the American Civil War began. "On April 15, President Lincoln issued a call for 75,000 volunteers. By 7:30 the next morning, Captain Tuttle with his entire command of 52 men reported to Lowell, fully equipped and ready for duty. Company E of Acton of the 6th Massachusetts Regiment was to be the first company of the first regiment of the Union Army to arrive in Washington in response to the President's call."[2] In 1874, the population of the town was almost 1700. The town established its first newspaper, The Acton Patriot, and the residents of West Acton formed the first library, The Citizen's Library. In 1890, the Memorial Library was completed and given to the town by William A. Wilde as a memorial to the Acton soldiers who fought in the Civil War. Twentieth CenturyThe twentieth century brought great changes to Acton. The population rose dramatically from approximately 2000 residents at the beginning of the century to 20,000 residents at the end. At the beginning of the century, the town consisted of five village centers and basic town services. By the end, the village centers were less noticeable, and the town services were more substantial. W. R. Grace Superfund SiteIn the early 1950s, W. R. Grace and Company established a manufacturing facility in South Acton to produce concrete additives, organic chemicals and other industrial materials. W. R. Grace disposed of industrial waste from this facility in unlined impoundments (lagoons) through 1980.[3] In 1978 vinylidene chloride and other industrial contaminants were detected in two of the town wells, Assabet 1 and Assabet 2, which were closed. In 1983 the Acton W. R. Grace site was placed on the list of EPA Superfund sites as a National Priority for cleanup.[4] In August, 2006, W. R. Grace and the EPA reached agreement on a scope-of-work pact that describes the work necessary to clean up the site. EconomicsAt the turn of the twentieth century, the mills built along the Assabet River, Nashoba Brook and other tributaries were in decline. The primary business in town was agriculture. The growth of the automobile and the roads to serve it changed Acton considerably. The importance of the railroads decreased as automobiles and truck traffic grew in importance. Route 128 was completed in 1927 and caused an industrial boom. During the latter half of the century, the road network made Acton accessible as a bedroom community which provided workers for other more industrial towns nearby. Acton's farmland turned into housing developments. The first large subdivision was Indian Village in West Acton in 1955. Current commercial property in town comprises a lumber mill, an automotive fabric manufacuturer, the Nagog Office park, and retail properties located along routes 2A, 27 and 111. GovernmentActon uses the Open Town Meeting form of town government. The town charter specifies that the annual town meeting must begin on the first Monday in April. The selectmen may also call a special town meeting at other times of the year to consider other business. Citizens may force a special town meeting by submitting a petition signed by 200 registered voters to the town clerk. Anyone may attend Town Meeting but only registered voters may vote. At annual Town Meeting the selectmen present the town and school budgets. Town Meeting may also consider zoning articles and other articles related to town business. Acton also has a water district, which is run separately from town government, as a public utility. The water district holds a separate open town meeting in March. Acton's elected officials include the following: the board of selectmen (5 members), the town moderator, the Acton public school committee (6 members), the Acton representatives to the Acton / Boxborough regional school committee (6 members) and the water commissioners (3 members). In addition, the town moderator appoints a finance committee (9 members) which issues an opinion on each of the warrant articles presented to Town Meeting. The town services are primarily funded through the residential property tax. Civic infrastructureThe civic infrastructure grew to accommodate the increasing population. A Water District was established in 1912 and a town-wide Fire Department was established in 1913. Acton was the first town in the area to have water-bound macadam highways.[5] In 1954, the Town established a Planning Board which developed regulations regarding the development of subdivisions. In 2005 a new Public Safety Building was built that expanded space for the Police Department and provided for a Joint Dispatch area with the Fire Department. UtilitiesWater districtThe Acton Water District is a community public water supply that delivers drinking water to the majority (about 90 percent) of the residents of the town of Acton, Massachusetts. All of the water provided from the District comes from eleven wells located within the town of Acton. The District's system consists of 106 miles of water main, four storage tanks, and a variety of treatment facilities that assist in the production of finished water. GarbageActon does not provide curbside trash pickup services. There are many private companies who do contract with individual homeowners or condominium complexes for that service. Acton does have a public transfer station where Acton residents may bring their trash and recycling for 181 dollars per year. It is accessible Tuesday through Saturday. SewersMost homes and businesses in Acton (approximately 80%) use private on-site sewage systems (i.e. septic tanks). Higher density developments such as condominiums and apartment buildings (approximately 10% of the town) use private sewers which go to small-scale private treatment plants. In 2001, Acton completed its first public sewer system, which serves approximately 10% of the town, primarily in South Acton. There are current plans to expand the sewer system and this is generating a lot of controversy in town. The proponents of expanding the sewer treatment cite several advantages.
The opponents of expanding the sewer treatment cite several concerns.
Recreation AreasConservation Lands
These town conservation areas, and some smaller ones, are described and mapped in a website maintained by the town's volunteer Land Stewardship Committee. [6] Playing Fields & Playgrounds
EducationAt the beginning of the century, each village in Acton had its own grade school, but the town struggled with how to provide a high school education for its students. For most of the early twentieth century (until 1925), Acton students were sent to Concord's high school. In 1953, new schools were constructed to accommodate the growth in the student population. In 1957, Acton and Boxborough created a regional school district for grades 7 - 12. The Merriam School was constructed in 1958. Other schools quickly followed (Douglas (1966), Gates (1968), and Conant (1971)). In 1967 a building was constructed for the Junior High. In 1973 a huge addition was added to this building and it became the high school (the junior high moved to the old high school building). Acton Public School District (Grammar)The Acton Public School District consists of five elementary schools and the Acton Public School Pre-school. Acton has an unusual method of assigning students to elementary schools, called "School Choice". Incoming Kindergarten parents participate in a lottery based selection process where the parents "choice" the school by listing the preferences in ranked order. This method of school choice has a large impact on the nature of the town. Acton is less oriented around neighborhoods than towns which have neighborhood based schools. Other child-oriented activities such as town sport teams are also not organized around the school system. As a result, students and families are likely to have social connections which are independent of the neighborhood in which they live. While the curriculum in the district is fairly standardized, each of the elementary schools has a different teaching philosophy. The schools and their philosophy of education are:
Acton-Boxborough Regional Schools (Junior High & Senior)The Acton-Boxborough Regional School District consists of the Raymond J. Grey Junior High School and the Acton-Boxborough Regional High School. This district serves students from the towns of Acton and Boxborough. In addition, some students are accepted from neighboring towns as 'choice' students at ABRHS if the school committee decides this is in the best interest of the district. Both the Junior High and High School have been renovated in 2002-2005, along with the addition of the Parker Damon Building, which houses both McCarthy-Towne School and Merriam School, to accommodate the influx of new students. Cultural institutionsImage:ActonMemorialLibrary2.jpg Acton Memorial Library LibrariesActon has two public libraries: the Acton Memorial Library and the West Acton Citizens' Library. The Acton Memorial Library was given to the town of Acton by William Allan Wilde as a memorial to its Civil War veterans in 1890. The building was expanded in 1967, and a second major expansion was completed in 1999. The Citizens' Library, one of the oldest buildings on Windsor Avenue, was most likely built in the 1840s by Phineas Wetherbee, who by 1856 resided there and lived at that address until his death in 1894. There are also libraries in each of the elementary schools, the Junior High, and the High School. The Acton Historical Society owns the Jenks Library which contains historical maps, documents, photographs and drawings. Museums
TheaterActon has two local theater groups: Theater III and Open Door Theater. Theater III was founded in 1956. It produces several plays and/or musicals a year in the historically interesting old church building on Central Street. Open Door Theater is a community theater group which was founded to provide an inclusive theater experience. Open Door produces one large musical each year which features a large number of actors ranging in age from 9 to adult including people with special needs. MediaActon is served by two local newspapers. The Beacon, serving Acton and Boxborough, is part of the Community Newspaper Company chain which is owned by GateHouse Media. The Acton Weekly began publication in 2002 and serves Acton. The Acton Boxborough Regional High School produces radio station WHAB and produces material for public access cable TV on Channel 8. The Acton senior population has a weekly television show called Elderberries which also runs on the public access cable TV. Points of interest
TransportationActon is five miles from I-495 and ten miles from I-95/Route 128. Routes 2, 2A, 27, 62 and 111 run through town. The MBTA Commuter Rail Fitchburg Line train stops at the South Acton station. South Acton is a major station on the line at which many trains terminate, and other than stations which connect to the MBTA subway, the only station on the line at which all trains stop. The MBTA Fitchburg Line provides service to Fitchburg, Leominster, Shirley, Ayer, Littleton, Concord, Lincoln, Weston, Waltham, Belmont, Cambridge, and Boston. In media
Notable residents
Lee Marks, also known as Mr. Boston, on VH1's I Love New York grew up in Acton and now lives in LA. References
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