H. H. Asquith

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For his son, see Herbert Asquith (poet).

Chancellor of the Exchequer
The Rt Hon H. H. Asquith
Image:Herbert Henry Asquith.jpg
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
In office April 5, 1908 – December 5, 1916
Preceded by	Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman
Succeeded by	David Lloyd George
In office December 10, 1905 – April 12, 1908
Preceded by	Austen Chamberlain
Succeeded by	David Lloyd George

Born	September 12, 1852 Morley, Yorkshire, England
Died	February 15, 1928 Sutton Courtenay, Oxfordshire, England
Political party	Liberal
Spouse	Helen Melland Margot Tennant
Religion	Congregationalist

Herbert Henry Asquith, 1st Earl of Oxford and Asquith, KG, PC (12 September 1852 – 15 February 1928) served as the Liberal Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1908 to 1916. During his lifetime he was known as H. H. Asquith before his accession to the peerage and as Lord Oxford afterwards.

1 Biography
2 Political career
3 Asquith's death and descendants
4 First Government, April 1908 – May 1915
- 4.1 Changes
5 Second Government, May 1915 – December 1916
- 5.1 Changes
6 Further reading
7 External links
8 Offices Held

[edit] Biography

[edit] Name

In his younger days he was called Herbert within the family, but his second wife called him Henry. However, in public he was invariably referred to only as H. H. Asquith. "There have been few major national figures whose Christian names were less well known to the public," writes his biographer, Roy Jenkins.

When raised to the peerage in 1925, he proposed to take the title "Earl of Oxford" for the city near which he lived and the university he had attended. Objections were raised, especially by descendants of Earls of Oxford of previous creations (titles by then extinct), and his title was given in the form Earl of Oxford and Asquith. In practice, however, he was known as Lord Oxford.

During Asquith's period as deputy to Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman, "C. B." was known to request his presence in parliamentary debate by saying, "Send for the sledge-hammer," referring to Asquith's reliable command of facts and his ability to dominate verbal exchange.

[edit] Family and early life

He was born in Morley, West Yorkshire to Joseph Dixon Asquith (February 10, 1825-March 29, 1860) and his wife Emily Willans (May 4, 1828-December 12, 1888). The Asquiths were a middle class family and members of the Congregational church. Joseph was a wool merchant and came to own his own wool mill.

Herbert was seven years old when his father died. Emily and her children moved to the house of her father William Willans, a wool-stapler of Huddersfield. Herbert received schooling there and was later sent to a Moravian boarding school at Fulneck, near Leeds.

In 1863, Herbert was sent to live with an uncle in London, where he entered the City of London School. He was educated there until 1870 and was mentored there by its headmaster Edwin Abbott Abbott.

In 1870, Asquith won a classical scholarship to Balliol College, Oxford. In 1874, Asquith was awarded the Craven scholarship and became president of the Oxford Union. He graduated that year and soon was elected a fellow at Balliol. Meanwhile he entered Lincoln's Inn as a student barrister and for a year served a pupillage under Charles Bowen.

He was called to the bar in 1876 and became prosperous in the early 1880s from practising law.

[edit] Marriage

He married Helen Kelsall Melland, daughter of a Manchester doctor, in 1877 and they had four sons and one daughter before she died from typhoid fever in 1891. These children were Raymond, Herbert (1881-1947), Arthur Melland Asquith (1883–1939), Violet, and Cyril. In 1894, he married Margot Tennant, the daughter of Charles Clow Tennant. With Margot he had two children, Elizabeth Charlotte Lucy (later Princess Bibesco) (1897-1945) and Anthony(1902-1968).

[edit] Political career

[edit] Early career (1886-1908)

Elected to Parliament in 1886 as the Liberal representative for East Fife, in Scotland, he achieved his first significant post in 1892 when he became Home Secretary under Gladstone (and later under Rosebery). The Liberals went out of power for ten years from 1895, and he turned down an offer to lead the party in 1898.

The Liberal Party won a landslide victory in the 1906 general election, and Asquith became Chancellor of the Exchequer under Henry Campbell-Bannerman. He demonstrated his staunch support of free trade in this post. Campbell-Bannerman resigned due to illness in April 1908 and Asquith succeeded him as Prime Minister. The King, Edward VII, was holidaying in Biarritz, and refused to return to London, citing health grounds, although it is now known that he was enjoying the company of his mistress Alice Keppel. Asquith was forced to travel to Biarritz for the official "kissing of hands" of the Monarch, the only time a British Prime Minister has formally taken office on foreign soil.

[edit] Asquith's government (1908-1916)

The Asquith government became involved in an expensive naval arms race with the German Empire and began an extensive social welfare programme (See Liberal reforms), introducing government pensions in 1908. The social welfare programme proved controversial, and Asquith's government faced severe (and sometimes barely legal) resistance from the Conservative Party. This came to a head in 1909, when David Lloyd George, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, produced a deliberately provocative "People's Budget". The Conservatives, determined to stop passage, used their majority in the House of Lords to reject the bill. The Lords did not traditionally interfere with finance bills and their actions thus provoked a constitutional crisis, forcing the country to a general election in January 1910.

The election resulted in a hung parliament, with the Liberals having two more seats than the Conservatives, but lacking an overall majority. The Liberals formed a minority government with the support of the Irish Nationalists, but a second election was forced in December. This election resulted in a hung parliament too. However, the minority Liberal government survived until 25 May, 1915 when a coalition with the Conservatives was formed.

The radical solution in this situation was to threaten to have King Edward VII pack the House of Lords with freshly-minted Liberal peers, who would override the Lords' veto. With the Conservatives remaining recalcitrant in spring of 1910, Asquith began contemplating such an option. King Edward VII agreed to do so, after another general election, but he avoided the whole situation by dying on 6 May 1910. His son, King George V, was reluctant to have his first act in office be the carrying out of such a drastic attack on the aristocracy and it required all of Asquith's considerable powers to convince him to make the promise. This the King finally did before the second election of 1910, in December.

The Liberals again won, though their majority was now dependent on peers from Ireland, who had their own price. Nonetheless, Asquith was able to curb the powers of the House of Lords through the Parliament Act 1911, which essentially broke the power of the House of Lords. The Lords could now delay, but not defeat outright, a bill passed by the Commons. The price of Irish support in this effort was the Third Irish Home Rule Bill, which Asquith delivered in legislation that was ultimately suspended owing to the outbreak of World War I in 1914. Asquith's efforts over Irish Home Rule nearly provoked a civil war in Ireland over Ulster, only averted by the outbreak of a European war. Asquith declared war on the German Empire on August 4 1914 in response to the German invasion of Belgium, as the 1839 Treaty of London had committed the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland to guard Belgium's neutrality in the event of invasion.

Asquith headed the Liberal government into the war. However following a Cabinet split in May 1915, caused by the Shell Crisis, he became head of a new coalition government, bringing senior figures from the Opposition into the Cabinet. But his performance over the conduct of the war dissatisfied certain Liberals and the Conservative Party. Opponents partially blamed a series of political and military disasters (including the failed offensives at the 1915 Battle of Gallipoli and the 1916 Battle of the Somme) and the Easter Rising in Ireland (April 1916) on Asquith. Acting to displace the Prime Minister, David Lloyd George managed to split the Liberals and, on December 5, 1916, Asquith resigned. Lloyd George became head of the coalition two days later.

[edit] After his resignation (1916-1928)

Asquith remained leader of the Liberal Party after 1916 and even after losing his seat in the 1918 elections. He returned to the House of Commons in a 1920 by-election in Paisley. Asquith played a major role in putting the minority Labour government of 1924 into office, elevating Ramsay MacDonald to the Prime Ministership.

Raised to the peerage as Viscount Asquith of Morley in the West Riding of the County of York and Earl of Oxford and Asquith in 1925, Asquith retired to the House of Lords after losing his seat again in the 1924 election held after the fall of the Labour government. Lloyd George succeeded him as chairman of the Liberal Members of Parliament, but Asquith remained head of the party until 1926, when Lloyd George succeeded him in that position as well, healing the split in the Liberal Party.

[edit] Asquith's death and descendants

Image:HenryAsquithGrave.jpg

Asquith's Grave at All Saints' Church, Sutton Courtenay

Asquith died in 1928 and Margot in 1945. They are both buried at All Saints' Church, Sutton Courtenay, Oxfordshire. His only daughter by his first wife, Violet (later Violet Bonham-Carter), became a well-regarded writer and a life peeress (as Baroness Asquith of Yarnbury in her own right). His eldest son Raymond Asquith was killed at the Somme in 1916, and thus the peerage passed to Raymond's only son Julian, now 2nd Earl of Oxford and Asquith (born in 1916, only a few months before his grandfather's resignation as Prime Minister). His fourth son Sir Cyril, Baron Asquith of Bishopstone (1890-1954) became a Law Lord, and his second and third sons married well, the poet Herbert Asquith (1881-1947) (who is often confused with his father) and Brigadier-General Arthur Asquith (1883-1939). His two children by Margot were Elizabeth (later Princess Antoine Bibesco), a writer, and Anthony Asquith, a film-maker whose productions included The Browning Version and The Winslow Boy. Also among his descendants are his great-grand daughter, the actress Helena Bonham Carter; and his great-grand son, British Ambassador to Iraq Dominic Asquith.

Asquith's estate was probated at £9,345 on June 9, 1928, a modest amount for so prominent a man.

[edit] First Government, April 1908 – May 1915

[edit] Changes

September 1908 - Lord Wolverhampton succeeds Lord Tweedmouth as Lord President. Lord FitzMaurice succeeds Lord Wolverhampton as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster.
October 1908 - Lord Crewe succeeds Lord Ripon as Lord Privy Seal and Leader of the House of Lords, while remaining also Colonial Secretary.
June 1909 - Herbert Samuel succeeds Lord FitzMaurice at the Duchy of Lancaster.
February 1910 - Winston Churchill succeeds Herbert Gladstone as Home Secretary. Sydney Buxton succeeds Churchill at the Board of Trade. Herbert Samuel succeeds Buxton as Postmaster-General. Joseph Pease succeeds Samuel as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster.
June 1910 - Lord Beauchamp succeeds Lord Wolverhampton as Lord President.
November 1910 - Lord Beauchamp succeeds Lewis Vernon Harcourt as First Commissioner of Public Works. Lord Morley succeeds Beauchamp as Lord President. Lord Crewe succeeds Morley as India Secretary, remaining also Lord Privy Seal. Lewis Harcourt succeeds Crewe as Colonial Secretary.
October 1911 - Winston Churchill and Reginald McKenna switch offices, Churchill taking the Admiralty and McKenna the Home Office. Lord Carrington succeeds Lord Crewe as Lord Privy Seal. Crewe remains India Secretary. Walter Runciman succeeds Lord Carrington at the Board of Agriculture. Joseph Albert Pease succeeds Runciman at the Board of Education. Sir Charles Edward Henry Hobhouse succeeds Pease at the Duchy of Lancaster.
February 1912 - Lord Crewe succeeds Lord Carrington as Lord Privy Seal, remaining also India Secretary. Thomas MacKinnon Wood succeeds Lord Pentland as Secretary for Scotland.
June 1912 - The Attorney-General, Sir Rufus Isaacs, enters the Cabinet. Lord Haldane succeeds Lord Loreburn as Lord Chancellor. John Seely succeeds Haldane as Secretary for War.
October 1913 - Sir John Allsebrooke Simon succeeds Sir Rufus Isaacs as Attorney-General.
February, 1914 - John Burns succeeds Sydney Buxton as President of the Board of Trade. Herbert Samuel succeeds Burns at the Local Government Board. Sir Charles Edward Henry Hobhouse succeeds Samuel as Postmaster-General. Charles Frederick Gurney Masterman succeeds Hobhouse at the Duchy of Lancaster.
March, 1914 - Asquith temporarily succeeds John Edward Bernard Seely, 1st Baron Mottistone as Secretary for War.
August, 1914 - Lord Beauchamp succeeds Lord Morley as Lord President. Lord Emmott succeeds Beauchamp as First Commissioner of Public Works. Walter Runciman succeeds John Burns as President of the Board of Trade. Lord Lucas succeeds Runciman at the Board of Agriculture. Lord Kitchener succeeds Asquith as Secretary for War.
January, 1915 - Edwin Samuel Montagu succeeds Charles Frederick Gurney Masterman as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster.

[edit] Second Government, May 1915 – December 1916

H.H. Asquith - Prime Minister
Lord Buckmaster - Lord Chancellor
Lord Crewe - Lord President of the Council
Lord Curzon - Lord Privy Seal
Reginald McKenna - Chancellor of the Exchequer
Sir John Allsebrook Simon - Secretary of State for the Home Department
Sir Edward Grey - Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs
Andrew Bonar Law - Secretary of State for the Colonies
Lord Kitchener - Secretary of State for War
Austen Chamberlain - Secretary of State for India
Arthur James Balfour - First Lord of the Admiralty
Winston Churchill - Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
Walter Runciman - President of the Board of Trade
Thomas MacKinnon Wood - Secretary for Scotland
Augustine Birrell - Chief Secretary for Ireland
Walter Hume Long - President of the Local Government Board
Lord Selborne - President of the Board of Agriculture
Arthur Henderson - President of the Board of Education
Lewis Vernon Harcourt - First Commissioner of Public Works
David Lloyd George - Minister of Munitions
Sir Edward Carson - Attorney-General
Lord Robert Cecil - Parliamentary Undersecretary of State for Foreign Affairs
Lord Lansdowne - Minister without Portfolio

[edit] Changes

October, 1915 - Sir Frederick Smith succeeds Sir Edward Carson as Attorney-General.
November, 1915 - Edwin Samuel Montagu succeeds Churchill at the Duchy of Lancaster
January, 1916 - Sir Herbert Samuel succeeds Sir John Simon as Home Secretary. Lord Robert Cecil becomes Minister of Blockade.
June, 1916 -
July, 1916 - On the death of Lord Kitchener, David Lloyd George succeeds him as Secretary for War. Edwin Samuel Montagu succeeds Lloyd George at the Ministry of Munitions. Thomas MacKinnon Wood succeeds Montagu at the Duchy of Lancaster. Harold John Tennant succeeds Wood as Scottish Secretary. Lord Crawford succeeds Lord Selborne at the Agriculture Board. Henry Edward Duke succeeds Augustine Birrell as Chief Secretary for Ireland.
August, 1916 - Arthur Henderson becomes Paymaster General. Lord Crewe succeeds Arthur Henderson at the Education Board.

[edit] Further reading

H.H. Asquith, H.H.A.: Letters of the Earl of Oxford and Asquith to a Friend (2 vols) (Geoffrey Bles, 1933-4)
H.H. Asquith, ed. Michael and Eleanor Brock, Letters to Venetia Stanley (Oxford University Press, 1982)
Margot Asquith, Autobiography (2 vols) (Thornton Butterworth, 1920-2)
Colin Clifford, The Asquiths (John Murray, 2002)
Roy Jenkins, Asquith (Collins, 1964, revised edition 1978)
Lord Oxford and Asquith, Fifty Years in Parliament (2 vols) (Cassell, 1926)
Lord Oxford and Asquith, Memories and Recollections (2 vols) (Cassell, 1928)
J.A. Spender and Cyril Asquith, Life of Lord Oxford and Asquith (2 vols) (Hutchinson, 1932)

[edit] External links

Extended entry in the 1937 Dictionary of National Biography

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H. H. Asquith

[edit] Offices Held

Parliament of the United Kingdom
Preceded by John Boyd Kinnear	Member of Parliament for East Fife 1886–1918	Succeeded by Alexander Sprot
Preceded by John Mills McCallum	Member of Parliament for Paisley 1920–1924	Succeeded by Edward Rosslyn Mitchell
Political offices
Preceded by Henry Matthews	Home Secretary 1892–1895	Succeeded by Sir Matthew Ridley
Preceded by Austen Chamberlain	Chancellor of the Exchequer 1905–1908	Succeeded by David Lloyd George
Preceded by Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman	Leader of the British Liberal Party 1908–1926	Succeeded by David Lloyd George
	Prime Minister of the United Kingdom 1908–1916	Succeeded by David Lloyd George
	Leader of the House of Commons 1908–1916	Succeeded by Andrew Bonar Law
Preceded by John Edward Seely	Secretary of State for War 1914	Succeeded by The Earl Kitchener of Khartoum
Preceded by None recognized	Leader of the Opposition 1916–1918	Succeeded by Sir Donald Maclean
Preceded by Sir Donald Maclean	Leader of the Opposition 1920–1922	Succeeded by Ramsay MacDonald
Peerage of the United Kingdom
Preceded by New Creation	Earl of Oxford and Asquith 1925–1928	Succeeded by Julian Asquith